PBDB Taxon

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Spheniscidae

Reptilia - Spheniscidae

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Apterodytes was named by Ameghino (1901).

It was replaced with Palaeoapterodytes by Ameghino (1905) and Simpson (1972).

It was assigned to Spheniscidae by Simpson (1946).
Apterodytes ictus was named by Ameghino (1901).

It was recombined as Palaeoapterodytes ictus by Ameghino (1905), Ameghino (1905) and Lambrecht (1933); it was synonymized subjectively with Palaeospheniscus gracilis by Brodkorb (1963); it was synonymized subjectively with Pseudospheniscus concavus by Tonni (1980); it was considered a nomen dubium by Simpson (1972) and Acosta Hospitaleche (2010).
Ichtyopteryx was named by Wiman (1905).

It was corrected as Ichthyopteryx by Lambrecht (1933) and Simpson (1946); it was considered a nomen dubium by Simpson (1971) and Acosta Hospitaleche and Reguero (2011); it was synonymized subjectively with Delphinornis by Jadwiszczak and Mörs (2011).

It was assigned to Spheniscidae by Wiman (1905), Ameghino (1905), Lambrecht (1933) and Simpson (1946); and to Palaeeudyptinae by Brodkorb (1963).
Ichtyopteryx gracilis was named by Wiman (1905). Its type specimen is IB/P/B-0279a, a set of limb elements (tarsometatarsus), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Snow Hill, next to, which is in a Bartonian coastal sandstone in the La Meseta Formation of Antarctica.

It was recombined as Ichthyopteryx gracilis by Lambrecht (1933) and Simpson (1946); it was considered a nomen dubium by Simpson (1971) and Acosta Hospitaleche and Reguero (2011); it was recombined as Delphinornis gracilis by Myrcha et al. (2002), Jadwiszczak (2006), Chavez (2007) and Jadwiszczak and Mörs (2011).
Orthopteryx was named by Wiman (1905).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Acosta Hospitaleche and Reguero (2011); it was synonymized subjectively with Anthropornis by Jadwiszczak and Mörs (2011).

It was assigned to Palaeeudyptinae by Brodkorb (1963); and to Spheniscidae by Lambrecht (1933) and Simpson (1971).
Orthopteryx gigas was named by Wiman (1905). Its type specimen is RM A 23a, a set of postcrania (partial synsacrum), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is La Meseta Fm Telm 7, which is in a Priabonian estuary/bay sandstone in the La Meseta Formation of Antarctica.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Acosta Hospitaleche and Reguero (2011); it was synonymized subjectively with Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi by Jadwiszczak and Mörs (2011).
Tereingaornis moisleyi was named by Scarlett (1983). Its type specimen is Zfa-11, a partial skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Te Reinga Falls, which is in a Waipipian coastal sandstone in New Zealand.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Thomas and Ksepka (2020).
Tereingaornis was named by Scarlett (1983).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Thomas and Ksepka (2020).

It was assigned to Spheniscidae by Scarlett (1983).
Neculus was named by Ameghino (1905).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Simpson (1972).

It was assigned to Spheniscidae by Ameghino (1905), Lambrecht (1933) and Simpson (1946); and to Paraptenodytinae by Brodkorb (1963).
Palaeoapterodytes was named by Ameghino (1905).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Simpson (1972).

It was assigned to Spheniscidae by Ameghino (1905) and Lambrecht (1933).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1831	Spheniscidae Bonaparte
1891	Spheniscidae Moreno and Mercerat p. 29
1901	Apterodytes Ameghino p. 81
1901	Apterodytes ictus Ameghino p. 81
1905	Neculus Ameghino
1905	Palaeoapterodytes Ameghino pp. Plate 3, Fig. 16a
1905	Palaeoapterodytes ictus Ameghino
1905	Spheniscidae Ameghino
1905	Palaeoapterodytes Ameghino p. 120
1905	Palaeoapterodytes ictus Ameghino p. 120
1905	Neculus Ameghino p. 125
1905	Ichtyopteryx Ameghino p. 128
1905	Ichtyopteryx gracilis Ameghino p. 128
1905	Orthopteryx Wiman p. 27 figs. Plate VIII Fig 2, a, b
1905	Orthopteryx gigas Wiman p. 27 figs. Plate 8, Fig. 2
1905	Ichtyopteryx Wiman p. 251
1905	Ichtyopteryx gracilis Wiman p. 251 figs. Plate 12, Fig. 4
1933	Spheniscidae Lambrecht p. 226
1933	Palaeoapterodytes Lambrecht p. 229
1933	Palaeoapterodytes ictus Lambrecht p. 229
1933	Ichthyopteryx Lambrecht p. 231
1933	Ichthyopteryx gracilis Lambrecht p. 231
1933	Neculus Lambrecht p. 231
1933	Orthopteryx Lambrecht p. 235
1933	Orthopteryx gigas Lambrecht p. 235
1946	Neculus Simpson p. 26
1946	Apterodytes Simpson p. 31
1946	Apterodytes ictus Simpson p. 31
1946	Ichthyopteryx Simpson p. 36
1946	Ichthyopteryx gracilis Simpson p. 36
1963	Spheniscidae Brodkorb p. 231
1963	Orthopteryx Brodkorb p. 234
1963	Orthopteryx gigas Brodkorb p. 234
1963	Ichtyopteryx Brodkorb p. 235
1963	Ichtyopteryx gracilis Brodkorb p. 235
1963	Neculus Brodkorb p. 240
1971	Spheniscidae Simpson p. 334
1971	Orthopteryx Simpson p. 381
1974	Spheniscidae Jenkins p. 293
1979	Spheniscidae Simpson p. 2
1981	Spheniscidae Simpson p. 267
1983	Tereingaornis moisleyi Scarlett
1983	Tereingaornis Scarlett p. 419
1983	Tereingaornis moisleyi Scarlett p. 419 figs. Fig. 1-3
1985	Spheniscidae Jenkins p. 183
1985	Spheniscidae Olson p. 151
1988	Spheniscidae Carroll
1992	Spheniscidae Baird p. 24
1993	Spheniscidae Cheneval p. 89
2002	Spheniscidae Myrcha et al. p. 17
2002	Delphinornis gracilis Myrcha et al. p. 30 figs. Fig. 11
2003	Spheniscidae Clarke et al. p. 3
2003	Spheniscidae Stucchi et al. p. 363
2004	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche et al. p. 235
2005	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche and Stucchi p. 2
2005	Spheniscidae Mayr p. 67
2005	Spheniscidae Tambussi et al.
2006	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche et al.
2006	Spheniscidae Jadwiszczak p. 11
2006	Delphinornis gracilis Jadwiszczak p. 34
2006	Spheniscidae Tambussi et al. p. 151
2006	Spheniscidae Walsh and Suarez p. 117
2007	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche
2007	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche et al. p. 301
2007	Delphinornis gracilis Chavez p. 554
2007	Spheniscidae Gohlich p. 286
2007	Spheniscidae Livezey and Zusi p. 90
2008	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche et al. p. 568
2008	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi p. 113
2008	Spheniscidae Soto-Acuña et al. p. 123
2010	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche and Reguero p. 293
2011	Delphinornis gracilis Jadwiszczak and Mörs p. 271
2011	Spheniscidae Jadwiszczak and Mörs p. 271
2011	Spheniscidae Mayr p. 73 figs. Figure 5
2012	Spheniscidae Jadwiszczak p. 262
2012	Spheniscidae Park and Fitzgerald p. 317
2013	Spheniscidae Jadwiszczak et al. p. 547
2014	Spheniscidae Acosta Hospitaleche p. 557
2014	Spheniscidae Chávez Hoffmeister et al.
2014	Spheniscidae Park p. 451
2014	Spheniscidae del Hoyo et al.
2017	Spheniscidae Clements et al.
2019	Spheniscidae Jadwiszczak and Mörs p. 5
2020	Spheniscidae Worthy and Nguyen p. 87
2021	Spheniscidae Jadwiszczak et al. p. 284
2023	Spheniscidae Tambussi et al. p. 272
2023	Spheniscidae Thomas et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda

Rank	Name	Author
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
—	Maniraptora
—	Paraves
class	Aves
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
—	Aequornithes
—	Feraequornithes
superorder	Procellariimorphae
—	Sphenisciformes	(Sharpe 1891)
family	Spheniscidae	Bonaparte 1831
family	Spheniscidae	Bonaparte 1831

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Spheniscidae Bonaparte 1831

show all | hide all

G. †Anthropodyptes Simpson 1959

†Anthropodyptes gilli Simpson 1959

G. Aptenodytes Miller 1778

Aptenodytes forsteri Gray 1844 [emperor penguin]

Aptenodytes patagonicus Miller 1778 [king penguin]

†Aptenodytes ridgeni Simpson 1972

G. †Arthrodytes Ameghino 1905

†Arthrodytes andrewsi Ameghino 1901

G. †Dege Simpson 1979

†Dege hendeyi Simpson 1979

G. Eudyptes Vieillot 1816

†Eudyptes atatu Thomas et al. 2020

†Eudyptes calauina Chávez Hoffmeister et al. 2014

Eudyptes chrysocome Forster 1781 [southern rockhopper penguin]

Eudyptes chrysocome filholi Hutton 1879

Eudyptes chrysolophus Brandt 1837 [Macaroni penguin]

Eudyptes moseleyi Matthews and Iredale 1921 [Northern rockhopper penguin]

Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Gray 1845 [Fiordland penguin]

Invalid names: Tasidyptes hunteri van Tets and O'Connor 1983 [synonym]

Eudyptes robustus Oliver 1953 [Snares penguin]

Eudyptes schlegeli Finsch 1876 [royal penguin]

Eudyptes sclateri Buller 1888 [Erect-crested penguin]

†Eudyptes warhami Cole et al. 2019

Invalid names: Tasidyptes van Tets and O'Connor 1983 [synonym]

G. Eudyptula Bonaparte 1856

Eudyptula minor Forster 1781 [little penguin]

Eudyptula minor novaehollandiae Shaw 1826

†Eudyptula wilsonae Thomas et al. 2023

G. †Inguza Simpson 1975

†Inguza predemersus Simpson 1971

G. †Madrynornis Acosta Hospitaleche et al. 2007

†Madrynornis mirandus Acosta Hospitaleche et al. 2007

G. †Marambiornopsis Jadwiszczak et al. 2021

†Marambiornopsis sobrali Jadwiszczak et al. 2021

G. †Marplesornis Simpson 1972

†Marplesornis novaezealandiae Marples 1960

G. Megadyptes Milne-Edwards 1880

Megadyptes antipodes Hombron and Jacquinot 1841 [yellow-eyed penguin]

†Megadyptes antipodes richdalei Cole et al. 2019

†Megadyptes antipodes waitaha Boessenkool et al. 2009 [Waitaha penguin]

G. †Nucleornis Simpson 1979

†Nucleornis insolitus Simpson 1979

G. †Palaeeudyptes Huxley 1859

†Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Huxley 1859

†Palaeeudyptes gunnari Wiman 1905

†Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Myrcha et al. 2002

†Palaeeudyptes marplesi Brodkorb 1963

Invalid names: Eosphaeniscus Wiman 1905 [synonym]

G. †Paraptenodytes Ameghino 1891

†Paraptenodytes antarcticus Moreno and Mercerat 1891

†Paraptenodytes brodkorbi Simpson 1972

†Paraptenodytes robustus Ameghino 1894

Invalid names: Arthrodytes grandis Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Isotremornis nordenskjoldi Ameghino 1905 [synonym], Paraptenodytes crassus Ameghino 1905 [synonym], Paraptenodytes curtus Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

Invalid names: Isotremornis Ameghino 1905 [synonym], Metancylornis Ameghino 1905 [synonym]

G. †Pseudaptenodytes Simpson 1970

†Pseudaptenodytes macraei Simpson 1970

Invalid names: Pseudaptenodytes minor Simpson 1970 [nomen dubium]

G. Pygoscelis Wagler 1832

Pygoscelis adeliae Hombon and Jacquinot 1841 [Adelie penguin]

Pygoscelis antarcticus Forster 1781 [chinstrap penguin]

†Pygoscelis calderensis Acosta Hospitaleche et al. 2006

†Pygoscelis grandis Walsh and Suarez 2006

Pygoscelis papua Forester 1781 [gentoo penguin]

†Pygoscelis tyreei Simpson 1972

Invalid names: Catarrhactes Hombron and Jacquinot 1841 [synonym]

G. Spheniscus Brisson 1760

†Spheniscus chilensis Emslie and Correa 2003

Spheniscus demersus Linnaeus 1758 [African penguin]

Spheniscus humboldti Meyen 1834 [Humboldt penguin]

Spheniscus magellanicus Forster 1781 [Magellanic penguin]

†Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003

Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall 1871 [Galapagos penguin]

†Spheniscus muizoni Gohlich 2007

†Spheniscus urbinai Stucchi 2002

Invalid names: Anthropornithinae Simpson 1946 [empty], Apterodytes ictus Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Delphinornis gracilis Wiman 1905 [nomen dubium], Ichtyopteryx Wiman 1905 [nomen dubium], Neculus Ameghino 1905 [nomen dubium], Orthopteryx Wiman 1905 [nomen dubium], Orthopteryx gigas Wiman 1905 [nomen dubium], Palaeeudyptinae Simpson 1946 [empty], Palaeoapterodytes Ameghino 1905 [nomen dubium], Spheniscinae Simpson 1946 [empty], Tereingaornis Scarlett 1983 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

marineo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2017-04-17 10:40:01

Modified:

2017-04-17 10:40:01

Source: subo = suborder, o = order

References: Bush and Bambach 2015, Marsh 1875, Benton 1983

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Ypresian to the top of the Holocene or 56.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma

Collections (123 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Antarctica	Spheniscidae indet. (32360 52067 100414 120576)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Palaeeudyptes gunnari (63549)
Ypresian - Lutetian	56.0 - 41.3	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Palaeeudyptes gunnari (63551)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	Chile	Spheniscidae indet. (99572)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Spheniscidae indet. (176083)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Antarctica	Palaeeudyptes gunnari (211926)
Lutetian - Bartonian	47.8 - 38.0	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, Palaeeudyptes gunnari (53666)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	47.8 - 33.9	Chile	Spheniscidae indet., Palaeeudyptes sp. (99479)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Antarctica	Eosphaeniscus gunnari, Ichtyopteryx gracilis (77358)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Argentina (Tierra del Fuego)	Pansphenisciformes indet. (59977)
Bartonian - Priabonian	41.3 - 33.9	Antarctica	Palaeeudyptes gunnari (31173)
Kaiatan	39.1 - 36.7	New Zealand	Palaeeudyptes sp., Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, Palaeeudyptes marplesi (74594)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Peru (Ica)	Spheniscidae indet. (100331)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Palaeeudyptes gunnari (100475) Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, Orthopteryx gigas (63553) Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, Palaeeudyptes gunnari (100290) Spheniscidae indet., Palaeeudyptes klekowsii, Palaeeudyptes gunnari, Delphinornis gracilis (100187)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Antarctica	Marambiornopsis sobrali (224219) Palaeeudyptes klekowskii (100413 100419) Palaeeudyptes sp., Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, Palaeeudyptes gunnari (100411) Spheniscidae indet., Palaeeudyptes sp., Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, Palaeeudyptes gunnari, Ichthyopteryx gracilis (100410)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Chile	Spheniscidae indet. (99478)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Antarctica	Palaeeudyptes sp. (207513) Spheniscidae indet. (31366)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Australia (South Australia)	Spheniscidae indet., Palaeeudyptes marplesi (50365)
Whaingaroan	34.6 - 27.3	New Zealand	Palaeudyptes antarcticus (74587) Spheniscidae indet. (74599)
Whaingaroan	34.6 - 27.3	New Zealand (North Island)	Palaeeudyptes sp. (88024)
Whaingaroan - Waitakian	34.6 - 21.7	New Zealand	Spheniscidae indet. (74596)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene	28.4 - 15.97	Antarctica	Eosphaeniscus sp. (88443 88444 88446)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	Australia (South Australia)	Spheniscidae indet. (50070)
Duntroonian	27.3 - 25.2	New Zealand (North Otago)	Palaeeudyptes sp. (63049) Spheniscidae indet. (45450)
Duntroonian	27.3 - 25.2	New Zealand	Spheniscidae indet. (74598)
Waitakian	25.2 - 21.7	New Zealand (South Canterbury)	Spheniscidae indet. (45656)
Waitakian	25.2 - 21.7	New Zealand	Palaeeudyptes sp., Palaeeudyptes antarcticus (74595)
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	Argentina	Metancylornis curtus, Isotremornis nordenskjoldi, Arthrodytes grandis, Arthrodytes andrewsi, Paraptenodytes brodkorbi (45887)
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	Argentina (Chubut)	Palaeospheniscus antarcticus (142513)
Aquitanian - Burdigalian	23.03 - 15.97	Australia (Victoria)	Anthropodyptes gilli (74769)
Aquitanian - Burdigalian	23.03 - 15.97	Argentina (Chubut)	Palaeospheniscus robustus, Palaeospheniscus antarcticus, Treleudytes crassus (47303)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	Argentina (Chubut)	Spheniscidae indet. (152083)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	Argentina	Apterodytes ictus (74645)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene	23.03 - 11.608	Australia (Victoria)	Spheniscidae indet. (51330)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Argentina (Tierra del Fuego)	S. sp. (152906)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	Australia (South Australia)	Spheniscidae indet. (100255)
Miocene - Late/Upper Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	Chile (Coquimbo)	Spheniscidae indet., Palaeospheniscus sp. (100310)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	Chile (Huasco)	Spheniscus sp. (100178)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	Argentina (Chubut)	Arthrodytes sp. (45886)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Palaeospheniscus antarcticus (27313)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Peru (Arequipa)	Spheniscidae indet., Spheniscus urbinai (45485)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Peru (Ica)	Spheniscus sp. (172172)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Antarctica	Spheniscus sp. (154689)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Argentina (Chubut)	Madrynornis mirandus (74614)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Peru	Spheniscidae indet. (45486) Spheniscus sp. (183918)
Tortonian - Messinian	11.62 - 5.333	Peru	Spheniscidae indet. (46083)
Tortonian - Messinian	11.62 - 5.333	Chile	Spheniscidae indet. (114474)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Chile (Atacama)	Spheniscidae indet. (80365)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Peru (Ica)	Spheniscidae indet., Spheniscus muizoni (45487)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	Chile	Palaeospheniscus sp. (100137) Spheniscus megaramphus, Pygoscelis calderensis, Spheniscus urbinai (100171)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	South Africa	Spheniscidae indet., Dege hendeyi, Inguza predemersus (22219)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene	11.608 - 3.6	Chile (Copiapó)	Spheniscidae indet., Spheniscus muizoni (224050)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Australia (Victoria)	Pseudaptenodytes macraei (50364) Spheniscidae indet., Pseudaptenodytes macrei, Pseudaptenodytes minor (46167)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Peru	Spheniscidae indet., Spheniscus urbinai, Spheniscus humboldti (13079)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Chile (Atacama)	Spheniscus sp. (55535)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Peru (Caraveli)	Spheniscidae indet., Spheniscus megaramphus, Spheniscus urbinai (46084)
Messinian - Zanclean	7.246 - 3.6	Australia (Victoria)	Spheniscidae indet. (154112)
Messinian - Piacenzian	7.246 - 2.588	South Africa (Cape)	Spheniscidae indet. (59167)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	South Africa	Dege hendeyi, Inguza predemersus (22221 22222) Dege hendeyi, Inguza predemersus, Nucleornis insolitus (100313)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Chile	Pygoscelis grandis (69731)
Opoitian - Waipipian	5.333 - 3.0	New Zealand (Chatham Islands)	Spheniscidae indet. (100505)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Chile	Spheniscus sp. (100173)
Waipipian	3.7 - 3.0	New Zealand (North Island)	Eudyptes atatu, Eudyptula wilsonae (219829) Tereingaornis moisleyi (74658)
Waipipian	3.7 - 3.0	New Zealand (Hawera)	Tereingaornis moisleyi (28039)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	Chile	Spheniscus chilensis (100174)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	South Africa (Langebaanweg)	Spheniscus predmersus (21713)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Chile	Eudyptes calauina (221049)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Peru	Spheniscus sp. (219058)
Nukumaruan	2.4 - 1.63	New Zealand	Palaeospheniscus novaezealandiae, Pygoscelis tyreei, Aptenodytes ridgeni (74757)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Peru (Ica)	Spheniscus sp. (219059)
Middle Pleistocene	0.774 - 0.129	South Africa	Spheniscus demersus (115188)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	New Zealand (North Otago)	Eudyptula minor (87789)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	New Zealand (South Island)	Eudyptes sp., Eudyptula minor, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, Megadyptes antipodes (87814) Eudyptula minor, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, Megadyptes antipodes (87810)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	South Africa	Spheniscus demersus (115225)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	South Africa	Spheniscus demersus (177146 177147 177148)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	New Zealand	Eudyptes ?n. sp. (194614) Eudyptes ?n. sp., Eudyptula minor (194616) Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (195151) Eudyptes sp. (198227 198228) Eudyptes warhami (219828) Eudyptula minor (195150 198088) Eudyptula minor, Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, Megadyptes antipodes (100554 194618 194619) Megadyptes antipodes (198202)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Australia (Victoria)	Eudyptula minor (138410)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Australia (Macquarie Island)	Aptenodytes patagonicus (194613) Eudyptes filholi, Eudyptes schlegeli (194607 194611)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Australia (Tasmania)	Tasidyptes hunteri, Eudyptula novaehollandiae (138319)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	French Southern Territories	Eudyptes chrysocome (194621)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Antarctica	Aptenodytes forsteri, Pygoscelis adeliae (90111 215322) Pygoscelis papua, Pygoscelis adeliae, Pygoscelis antarctica (177180) Pygoscelis sp., Pygoscelis papua, Pygoscelis adeliae (177151) Spheniscidae indet. (233817)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	New Zealand (South Island)	Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (87791)