Conard Fissure (Pleistocene of the United States)

Where: Newton County, Arkansas (36.0° N, 93.2° W: paleocoordinates 36.0° N, 93.0° W)

• coordinate based on political unit

When: Irvingtonian (1.8 - 0.3 Ma)

Environment/lithology: terrestrial

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Primary reference: J. W. Gidley and C. L. Gazin. 1938. The Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. United States National Museum Bulletin 171:1-99 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]more details

PaleoDB collection 20290: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 18.02.1993, edited by Terri Cleary, Grace Varnham and Jonathan Marcot

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• "Microtus ochrogaster" is presumably not present
Show authors, comments, and common names
Reptilia
 Squamata - Colubridae
Lampropeltis doliata2, Lampropeltis getulus2, Lampropeltis ? calligaster2, Elaphe sp.2, Elaphe vulpina2, Elaphe guttata2, Pituophis sp.3, Pituophis melanoleucus2, Coluber flagellum2, Coluber sp.2, Coluber cf. constrictor3, Coluber constrictor2, Thamnophis sirtalis2, Carphophis sp.2, Heterodon sp.2
Lampropeltis doliata2 colubrid snake
Lampropeltis getulus2 Linnaeus 1766 kingsnake
Lampropeltis ? calligaster2 Harlan 1827 prairie kingsnake
Elaphe sp.2 Wagler 1833 colubrid snake
Elaphe vulpina2 Baird and Girard 1853 fox snake
Elaphe guttata2 Linnaeus 1766 corn snake
Pituophis sp.3 Holbrook 1842 gopher snake
vertebrae
Pituophis melanoleucus2 Daudin 1803 pine snake
Coluber sp.2 Linnaeus 1758 racer
Coluber cf. constrictor3 Linnaeus 1758 black racer
Coluber constrictor2 Linnaeus 1758 black racer
Thamnophis sirtalis2 Linnaeus garter snake
Carphophis sp.2 Gervais 1840 worm snake
Heterodon sp.2 Latreille 1801 hog-nosed snake
 Squamata - Crotalidae
Crotalus sp.3, ? Crotalus sp.2
Crotalus sp.3 Linnaeus 1758 rattlesnake
AMNH 6404, left articular
? Crotalus sp.2 Linnaeus 1758 rattlesnake
Mammalia
 Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae
Eptesicus fuscus1, "Myotis leibi" = Myotis leibii4
Eptesicus fuscus1 Beauvois 1796 big brown bat
"Myotis leibi" = Myotis leibii4 Audubon and Bachman 1842 vesper bat
a bat; presumably = "M. subulatus(?)"
 Carnivora - Ursidae
Ursus americanus1
Ursus americanus1 Pallas 1780 black bear
 Carnivora - Mustelidae
Mustela erminea4, "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison, "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata4, "Martes diluviana" = Pekania diluviana4
Mustela erminea4 Linnaeus 1758 stoat
"Mustela vison" = Neogale vison Schreber 1777 mink
"Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata4 Lichtenstein 1831 long-tailed weasel
"Martes diluviana" = Pekania diluviana4 Cope 1889 mustelid carnivore
presumably includes "M. pennanti" (also suspected by Hall 1936)
 Carnivora - Procyonidae
Procyon lotor
Procyon lotor Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
 Carnivora - Mephitidae
Spilogale ? putorius1, Mephitis mephitis1, Brachyprotoma obtusata1
Spilogale ? putorius1 Linnaeus 1758 eastern spotted skunk
Mephitis mephitis1 Schreber 1776 striped skunk
Brachyprotoma obtusata1 Cope 1899 short-faced skunk
 Carnivora - Canidae
Canis armbrusteri6, Canis latrans5, Urocyon cinereoargenteus4, Vulpes sp.1
Canis armbrusteri6 Gidley 1913 canine
Canis latrans5 Say 1823 coyote
Urocyon cinereoargenteus4 Schreber 1775 gray fox
Vulpes sp.1 Frisch 1775 fox
 Carnivora - Felidae
Smilodon fatalis1, Panthera onca4, Miracinonyx studeri1, Lynx rufus4
Smilodon fatalis1 Leidy 1868 saber-toothed cat
Panthera onca4 Linnaeus 1758 jaguar
suggested by Simpson 1941b, and called into question by Seymour 1993
Miracinonyx studeri1 Savage 1960 American cheetah
Lynx rufus4 Schreber 1777 bobcat
presumably includes "L. compressus"; also mentioned by Werdelin 1985
 Perissodactyla - Equidae
"Equus ? scotti" = Equus mexicanus
"Equus ? scotti" = Equus mexicanus Hibbard 1955 horse
 Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae
Mylohyus fossilis1
Mylohyus fossilis1 Leidy 1860 peccary
 Artiodactyla - Cervidae
Cervus sp.1, Odocoileus virginianus4
Cervus sp.1 Linnaeus 1758 deer
Odocoileus virginianus4 Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer
presumably includes "O. hemionus(?)"
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
Bootherium bombifrons1
Bootherium bombifrons1 Harlan 1825 antelope
 Theriamorpha - Talpidae
Scalopus aquaticus
Scalopus aquaticus Linnaeus 1758 eastern mole
 Theriamorpha - Soricidae
Sorex fumeus, Sorex monticolus1, Sorex minutus1, Sorex cinereus1, Blarina brevicauda
Sorex fumeus Miller 1895 smoky shrew
Sorex monticolus1 Merriam 1890 montane shrew
Sorex minutus1 Eurasian pygmy shrew
Sorex cinereus1 Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew
Blarina brevicauda Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew
includes type of "B. ozarkensis": see Jones et al. 1984
 Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Lepus ? americanus, Lepus alleni1, Sylvilagus ? floridanus
Lepus ? americanus Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare
Lepus alleni1 Mearns 1890 antelope jackrabbit
Sylvilagus ? floridanus Allen 1890 eastern cottontail
 Rodentia - Erethizontidae
Erethizon dorsatum
Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine
 Rodentia - Cricetidae
Peromyscus sp., Neotoma ozarkensis, Ondatra annectens, Microtus paroperarius, "Pedomys llanensis" = Microtus llanensis1, Pitymys cumberlandensis1, Reithrodontomys sp.
Peromyscus sp. Gloger 1841 deer mouse
Neotoma ozarkensis Brown 1908 pack rat
i.d. accepted by Zakrzewski 1993
Ondatra annectens Brown 1908 muskrat
Microtus paroperarius Hibbard 1944 vole
"Pedomys llanensis" = Microtus llanensis1 Hibbard 1944 vole
Pitymys cumberlandensis1 van der Meulen 1978 vole
Reithrodontomys sp. Giglioli 1874 harvest mouse
not clear what "R. simplicidens" is
 Rodentia - Sciuridae
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus1, Marmota monax, Spermophilus ? tridecemlineatus1
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus1 Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel
Marmota monax Linnaeus 1758 groundhog
Spermophilus ? tridecemlineatus1 Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel
 Rodentia - Castoridae
Castor canadensis
Castor canadensis Kuhl 1820 American beaver
 Rodentia - Geomyidae
Geomys bursarius4
Geomys bursarius4 Shaw 1800 plains pocket gopher
1Alroy 2002; 2Dowling 1958; 3Gilmore 1938; 4Kurten and Anderson 1980; 5Nowak 1979; 6Tedford et al. 2009