Swartkrans - Member 2 (Pleistocene of South Africa)
Also known as ETE Locality 643, Brown Breccia, Swartkrans - Member 2,
Where: South Africa (26.0° S, 27.7° E: paleocoordinates 26.2° S, 27.6° E)
When: 12 Member (Swartkrans Formation), Pleistocene (2.6 - 0.0 Ma)
• ETE dating method: composite, ETE age comment: age is ~ 1.5ma based on hominid and faunal evidence and presence of Oldowan tools
Environment/lithology: cave; siltstone
• ETE sed env 1: ., ETE sed env 2: cave ETE event: ., ETE env comment: earthflows,transport of clastic seds into cave
• ETE rock type adj: clayey, ETE lithology comments: secondarily calcified,red brown,poorly sorted,finely lam. flowstone interbeds,rubble, small-scale crossbeds
Collection methods: bulk, quarrying
• ETE Size: both; ETE reference list: 479, ; ETE museum list: TM
Primary reference: C. K. Brain. 1976. Re-interpretation of the Swartkrans site and its remains. South African Journal of Science 72:141-146 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/P. Muhl]more details
PaleoDB collection 21825: authorized by Anna Behrensmeyer, entered by Anna Behrensmeyer on 23.05.1997, edited by Richard Potts, John Damuth and Hannah O'Regan
Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)
Taxonomic list
Show authors, comments, and common names
| Amphibia | |
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| Reptilia | |
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| Aves | |
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Struthio sp. Linnaeus 1758 ostrich | |
| Reptilia | |
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| Mammalia | |
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Orycteropus sp. Geoffroy 1791 aardvark | |
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Procavia sp. Storr 1780 Cape hyrax
Procavia transvaalensis Shaw 1937 Cape hyrax
Procavia antiqua Broom 1934 Cape hyrax
Procavia cf. antiqua Broom 1934 Cape hyrax | |
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Mellivora cf. sivalensis ratel
Aonyx capensis Schinz 1821 African clawless otter | |
Canidae indet., Otocyon recki, cf. Lycaon sp., "Canis mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas, "Canis cf. mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas
Canidae indet. Fischer de Waldheim 1817 canid ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Canidae
Otocyon recki bat-eared fox
cf. Lycaon sp. Brookes 1827 canid
"Canis mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas Schreber 1775 black-backed jackal
"Canis cf. mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas Schreber 1775 black-backed jackal | |
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Atilax sp. Cuvier 1826 marsh mongoose
Cynictis penicillata Cuvier 1829 yellow mongoose
cf. Herpestes sanguineus Rüppell 1835 slender mongoose
Suricata suricatta Schreber 1776 meerkat | |
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Parahyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820 brown hyaena
Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777 spotted hyaena
Proteles cristatus Sparrman 1783 aardwolf
Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955 hyaena | |
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Panthera leo Linnaeus 1758 lion
Panthera pardus Linnaeus 1758 leopard | |
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"Hipparion libycum" = Eurygnathohippus libycum Pomel 1897 hipparionine horse ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: steytleri
Equus capensis Broom 1909 horse
Equus quagga Boddaert 1785 plains zebra | |
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Phacochoerus sp. Cuvier 1826 warthog
"cf. Tapinochoerus meadowsi" = Metridiochoerus pig | |
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Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., Bovidae indet., cf. Gazella sp., "Antidorcas bondi" = Gazella bondi, Oreotragus cf. major, Oreotragus cf. oreotragus, Ourebia cf. ourebi, Raphicerus sp., Raphicerus campestris, Pelea cf. campestris, Pelea cf. capreolus, Hippotragus cf. niger, Damaliscus sp., Damaliscus sp., Damaliscus cf. dorcas, Connochaetes sp., cf. Connochaetes sp., Beatragus sp., cf. Megalotragus sp., Megalotragus sp., cf. Kobus ellipsiprymnus, "Antidorcas australis" = Antidorcas marsupialis australis, "Tragelaphus cf. angasi" = Tragelaphus angasii, Tragelaphus cf. strepsiceros, Tragelaphus cf. scriptus, Taurotragus oryx, Taurotragus cf. oryx, Syncerus sp.
cf. Gazella sp. Blaineville 1816 gazelle
"Antidorcas bondi" = Gazella bondi Cooke and Wells 1951 gazelle
Oreotragus cf. major klipspringer
Oreotragus cf. oreotragus Zimmermann 1783 klipspringer
Ourebia cf. ourebi Zimmerman 1783 oribi
Raphicerus sp. Smith 1827 antelope
Raphicerus campestris Thunberg 1811 steenbok
Pelea cf. campestris antelope
Pelea cf. capreolus Forster 1790 grey rhebok
Hippotragus cf. niger Harris 1838 sable antelope
Damaliscus sp. Sclater and Thomas 1894 antelope
Damaliscus sp. Sclater and Thomas 1894 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: 122-Swartkrans
Damaliscus cf. dorcas Pallas 1766 bontebok
Connochaetes sp. Lichtenstein 1812 wildebeest
cf. Connochaetes sp. Lichtenstein 1812 wildebeest
Beatragus sp. Heller 1912 hirola
cf. Megalotragus sp. van Hoepen 1932 antelope
Megalotragus sp. van Hoepen 1932 antelope
cf. Kobus ellipsiprymnus Ogilby 1833 waterbuck
"Antidorcas australis" = Antidorcas marsupialis australis Hendey and Hendey 1968 springbok ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or marsupialis
"Tragelaphus cf. angasi" = Tragelaphus angasii Gray 1849 nyala
Tragelaphus cf. strepsiceros Pallas 1766 greater kudu
Tragelaphus cf. scriptus Pallas 1766 bushbuck
Taurotragus oryx Pallas 1766 common eland
Taurotragus cf. oryx Pallas 1766 common eland
Syncerus sp. Hodgson 1847 African buffalo | |
"Sivatherium maurusium" = Libytherium maurusium
"Sivatherium maurusium" = Libytherium maurusium Pomel 1893 placental | |
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Leporidae indet. Fischer de Waldheim 1817 rabbit ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Leporidae
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Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters 1852 Cape porcupine | |
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Pedetes sp. Illiger 1811 springhaas | |
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"Australopithecus robustus" = Paranthropus robustus Broom 1938 australopithecine
Homo sp. Linnaeus 1758 human | |
Cercopithecidae indet., Cercopithecidae indet., Theropithecus oswaldi, Papio sp., Papio robinsoni, Cercopithecoides williamsi
Cercopithecidae indet. Gray 1821 monkey ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Cercopithecidae
Papio sp. Erxleben 1777 baboon
Papio robinsoni Freedman 1957 baboon
Cercopithecoides williamsi Mollet 1947 monkey | |
| Gastropoda | |
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cf. Achatina indet. Lamarck 1799 slug ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: mak - replaced genus name sp. with family name
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| Adenota | |
"Antidorcas recki" = Adenota recki
"Antidorcas recki" = Adenota recki Schwartz 1932 | |