PBDB Collection

Swartkrans - Member 3 (Pleistocene of South Africa)

Also known as ETE Locality 646, Fire Member, Swartkrans - Member 3,

Where: South Africa (26.0° S, 27.7° E: paleocoordinates 26.2° S, 27.6° E)

• outcrop-level geographic resolution

When: 13 Member (Swartkrans Formation), Pleistocene (2.6 - 0.0 Ma)

• ETE dating method: time_unit, ETE age comment: age based on faunal evidence, approx. 1 mya

Environment/lithology:

• ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: 0

Collection methods: quarrying

• ETE Size: both; ETE reference list: 486, 485, 483, 482, 481, 479, 478, 454, ; ETE museum list: TM

Primary reference: T. C. Partridge. 1986. Palaeoecology of the Pliocene and lower Pleistocene hominids of southern Africa: how good is the chronological and paleoenvironmental evidence?. South African Journal of Science 82:80-83 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/M. Kosnik]more details

PaleoDB collection 21828: authorized by Anna Behrensmeyer, entered by Anna Behrensmeyer on 17.10.1995, edited by John Damuth, Richard Potts and Hannah O'Regan

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names

Mammalia
-	Mammalia indet., Mammalia indet. Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758 mammal ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Mammalia Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758 mammal ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Carnivora
Primates - Hominidae	Hominidae indet., "Australopithecus robustus" = Paranthropus robustus Hominidae indet. Gray 1825 ape ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hominidae "Australopithecus robustus" = Paranthropus robustus Broom 1938 australopithecine
Primates - Cercopithecidae	Cercopithecidae indet., Theropithecus oswaldi, Papio robinsoni Cercopithecidae indet. Gray 1821 monkey ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Cercopithecidae Theropithecus oswaldi Andrews 1916 gelada ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: danieli Papio robinsoni Freedman 1957 baboon
Placentalia -	Lagomorpha indet. Lagomorpha indet. Brandt 1885 placental ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Lagomorpha
Rodentia - Pedetidae	Pedetes sp. Pedetes sp. Illiger 1811 springhaas
Rodentia - Hystricidae	Hystrix africaeaustralis Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters 1852 Cape porcupine
Carnivora - Canidae	Canidae "indet. large", Canidae indet., Vulpes chama, "Canis cf. mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas Canidae "indet. large" Fischer de Waldheim 1817 canid ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Canidae-large Canidae indet. Fischer de Waldheim 1817 canid ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Canidae Vulpes chama Smith 1833 Cape fox "Canis cf. mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas Schreber 1775 black-backed jackal
Carnivora - Mustelidae	Aonyx capensis Aonyx capensis Schinz 1821 African clawless otter
Carnivora - Felidae	Megantereon cultridens, Acinonyx jubatus, Felis cf. libyca, Panthera pardus Megantereon cultridens Cuvier 1824 cat Acinonyx jubatus Schreber 1775 cheetah Felis cf. libyca Forster 1780 African wildcat originally entered as "Felis cf. lybica" Panthera pardus Linnaeus 1758 leopard
Carnivora - Herpestidae	Herpestidae indet., Cynictis penicillata, Atilax sp., Suricata suricatta Herpestidae indet. Bonaparte 1845 mongoose ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: mongoose; originally entered as "Viverridae indet." Cynictis penicillata Cuvier 1829 yellow mongoose Atilax sp. Cuvier 1826 marsh mongoose Suricata suricatta Schreber 1776 meerkat
Carnivora - Hyaenidae	Hyaenidae indet., Parahyaena brunnea, Crocuta crocuta, Proteles sp., Chasmaporthetes nitidula Hyaenidae indet. Gray 1821 hyaena ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hyaenidae Parahyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820 brown hyaena Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777 spotted hyaena Proteles sp. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1824 hyaena Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955 hyaena
Carnivora - Viverridae	Viverridae indet., cf. Genetta tigrina Viverridae indet. Gray 1821 civet ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Viverridae cf. Genetta tigrina Schreber 1776 Cape genet
Pholidota - Manidae	Manis sp. Manis sp. Linnaeus 1758 pangolin
Perissodactyla - Equidae	Equidae indet., Hipparion lybicum, "Equus burchelli" = Equus quagga burchelli, Equus capensis Equidae indet. Gray 1821 horse ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Equidae Hipparion lybicum hipparionine horse ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Steytleri "Equus burchelli" = Equus quagga burchelli Gray 1824 Burchell's zebra Equus capensis Broom 1909 horse
Artiodactyla - Hippopotamidae	Hippopotamus sp. Hippopotamus sp. Linnaeus 1758 hippo
Artiodactyla - Giraffidae	Giraffidae indet. Giraffidae indet. Gray 1821 giraffe ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Giraffidae
Artiodactyla - Bovidae	Bovidae indet., Bovidae "indet. size II", Bovidae "indet. size III", Bovidae "indet.size IV", Bovidae "indet. Hippo./Reduncini", Bovidae indet., Oreotragus oreotragus, Raphicerus campestris, Alcelaphini indet., Damaliscus sp., Beatragus sp., Connochaetes sp., Megalotragus sp., Pelea sp., Antilopini indet., "Antidorcas australis" = Antidorcas marsupialis australis, Hippotragus cf. niger, Syncerus sp., Taurotragus oryx, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, cf. Gazella sp. Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size I Bovidae "indet. size II" Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size II Bovidae "indet. size III" Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size III Bovidae "indet.size IV" Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size IV Bovidae "indet. Hippo./Reduncini" Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hippo./Reduncini Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae Oreotragus oreotragus Zimmermann 1783 klipspringer Raphicerus campestris Thunberg 1811 steenbok Alcelaphini indet. Brookes 1876 antelope ETE occurrence; species: Alcelaphini Damaliscus sp. Sclater and Thomas 1894 antelope Beatragus sp. Heller 1912 hirola ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or Alcelaphus Connochaetes sp. Lichtenstein 1812 wildebeest Megalotragus sp. van Hoepen 1932 antelope Pelea sp. Gray 1851 antelope Antilopini indet. Gray 1821 antelope ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Antilopini "Antidorcas australis" = Antidorcas marsupialis australis Hendey and Hendey 1968 springbok ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or marsupialis Hippotragus cf. niger Harris 1838 sable antelope Syncerus sp. Hodgson 1847 African buffalo Taurotragus oryx Pallas 1766 common eland Tragelaphus strepsiceros Pallas 1766 greater kudu cf. Gazella sp. Blaineville 1816 gazelle
Artiodactyla - Suidae	Suidae indet., Phacochoerus sp., "cf. Tapinochoerus meadowsi" = Metridiochoerus Suidae indet. Gray 1821 pig ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Suidae Phacochoerus sp. Cuvier 1826 warthog "cf. Tapinochoerus meadowsi" = Metridiochoerus pig
Hyracoidea - Procaviidae	Procavia antiqua, Procavia transvaalensis Procavia antiqua Broom 1934 Cape hyrax Procavia transvaalensis Shaw 1937 Cape hyrax
Tubulidentata - Orycteropodidae	Orycteropus afer Orycteropus afer Pallas 1766 aardvark
Proboscidea - Elephantidae	cf. Elephas sp. cf. Elephas sp. Linnaeus 1758 elephant
Reptilia
Testudines - Testudinidae	Testudinidae indet. Testudinidae indet. Batsch 1788 turtle ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Testudinidae
Aves
-	Aves indet., Aves indet., Aves "indet. size I", Aves "indet. size III", Aves "indet. size IV" Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size II Aves "indet. size I" Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size I Aves "indet. size III" Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size III Aves "indet. size IV" Linnaeus 1758 bird ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size IV
Galliformes - Phasianidae	Phasianidae indet. Phasianidae indet. Horsfield 1821 pheasant ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: francolin
Ciconiiformes - Plataleidae	Plataleidae indet. Plataleidae indet. Bonaparte 1838 spoonbill ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: ibis
Amphibia
-	Amphibia indet. Amphibia indet. Linnaeus 1758 tetrapod ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: frog/toad
Adenota
-	"Antidorcas recki" = Adenota recki "Antidorcas recki" = Adenota recki Schwartz 1932