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Barbourofelinae
Taxonomy
Barbourofelinae was named by Schultz et al. (1970). It is not extant.
It was reranked as the family Barbourofelidae by Morlo et al. (2004).
It was assigned to Carnivora by Morlo et al. (2004); to Felidae by Morales et al. (2007); and to Nimravidae by Bryant (1991), Slater and Van Valkenburgh (2008), Tseng et al. (2010) and Wang et al. (2020).
It was reranked as the family Barbourofelidae by Morlo et al. (2004).
It was assigned to Carnivora by Morlo et al. (2004); to Felidae by Morales et al. (2007); and to Nimravidae by Bryant (1991), Slater and Van Valkenburgh (2008), Tseng et al. (2010) and Wang et al. (2020).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1970 | Barbourofelinae Schultz et al. |
| 1991 | Barbourofelinae Bryant p. 71 |
| 2004 | Barbourofelidae Morlo et al. p. 45 |
| 2007 | Barbourofelinae Morales et al. p. 81 |
| 2008 | Barbourofelinae Slater and Van Valkenburgh p. 407 |
| 2010 | Barbourofelinae Tseng et al. |
| 2020 | Barbourofelinae Wang et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. †Barbourofelinae Schultz et al. 1970
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Tr. †Afrosmilini Morales et al. 2001
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G. †Afrosmilus Kretzoi 1929
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†Afrosmilus africanus Andrews 1914
†Afrosmilus hispanicus Morales et al. 2001
†Afrosmilus turkanae Schmidt-Kittler 1987
G. †Barbourofelis Schultz et al. 1970
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†Barbourofelis fricki Schultz et al. 1970
†Barbourofelis loveorum Baskin 1981
†Barbourofelis morrisi Schultz et al. 1970
†Barbourofelis piveteaui Ozansoy 1965
†Barbourofelis vallesiensis de Beaumont and Crusafont-Pairo 1982
†Barbourofelis whitfordi Barbour and Cook 1915
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Invalid names: Ischyrosmilus osborni Merriam 1919 [synonym]
G. †Prosansanosmilus Heizmann et al. 1980
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†Prosansanosmilus eggeri Morlo et al. 2004
†Prosansanosmilus peregrinus Heizmann et al. 1980
G. †Sansanosmilus Kretzoi 1929
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†Sansanosmilus jourdani Filhol 1883
†Sansanosmilus palmidens Blainville 1841
G. †Vampyrictis Kurten 1976
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| M. Morlo et al. 2004 | Barbourofelidae are distinguished by the following: loss of P1/, M2/, P/1 and M/2; plesiomorphic tooth formula 3131/3131; apomorphic species additionally lose P2/ and P/2; scimitar-like sabreteeth with crenulations on, at least, the posterior border of upper canines; upper canines markedly compressed with vertical grooves present; strong relationships between the eruption of the upper canines and the development of other sabretooth features, especially the mandibular flange (see Peigné & de Bonis, 2003); no anterior cusp on P/3, but distinct and sometimes large posterior accessory cusp on P/3-4; protoconid of M/1 relatively tall (at least in early taxa); talonid of M/1 extremely reduced, and markedly more so than the metaconid; reduction of the talonid before the metaconid on M/1; angular chin on mandible (genial flange in the apomorphic genera) and slightly (Afrosmilus turkanae) to strongly (other taxa) curved mandibular body; short horizontal proseptum in the anteromedial corner of the auditory bulla; early and complete fusion of elements making up the bulla. In addition to those features, the Barbourofelidae differ from the Nimravidae (primitive taxa) by the following: fully ossified bulla invading the mastoid; thin wall of the caudal entotympanic, not composed of three layers as in Nimravidae; petrosal not deeply recessed in the basicranium; absence of the postglenoid foramen; presence of a parastyle on P4/; protocone on P4/located further back; bulla more anteriorly located (than in the most primitive felid genera such as Proailurus and Pseudaelurus) and consequently a more anteriorly placed foramen ovale which is close to the posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal (except Barbourofelis); a shortened palate; lateral walls of the nasopharynx converging posteriorly; broad metacarpals (known from Sansanosmilus palmidens and Barbourofelis fricki only). |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Martin 1998, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Collections (47 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early/Lower Miocene | Namibia | Afrosmilus africanus (70807) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Namibia (Karas) | Afrosmilus africanus (168036 175698) | |
| Miocene | Uganda | Barbourofelidae sp. (190022) | |
| Burdigalian | Kenya | Afrosmilus africanus (83629) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus (69098) | |
| Burdigalian | Uganda | Ginsburgsmilus napakensis (28441) | |
| Orleanian | France | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus (142146) | |
| MN 4 | France (Centre) | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus (69116) | |
| MN 4 | Germany (Bavaria) | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus (28629) | |
| MN 4 | France (Gers) | Prosansanosmilus perigrinus (69099) | |
| MN 4 | France (Alsac) | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus (69106) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Sansanosmilus palmidens (32191) | |
| Langhian - Tortonian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus (142149) | |
| Serravallian | China (Ningxia) | Sansanosmilus sp. (42539) | |
| Serravallian | Kenya (Central Nyanza) | Barbourofelidae indet. (21340) | |
| MN 6 | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Sansanosmilus jourdani (69711) | |
| MN 6 - MN 7 + 8 | Germany (Bavaria) | Sansanosmilus jourdani (73695) | |
| MN 7 + 8 | Spain | Sansanosmilus jourdani (70806 78058) | |
| MN 7 + 8 | Germany (Bavaria) | Sansanosmilus jourdani (73696) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Barbourofelis morrisi (18214 18227 18447) Barbourofelis sp. (18218) Barbourofelis whitfordi (18095 18467) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (California) | Barbourofelis lovei (19185) Barbourofelis osborni (19322 19323) Barbourofelis whitfordi (159702) Felidae indet. (19517) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (South Dakota) | Megantereon whitfordi (18063) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Texas) | Barbourofelis whitfordi (18244 18355) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Nevada) | Sansanosmilus sp. (18845) | |
| Late/Upper Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Barbourofelis lovei (18554) | |
| Clarendonian - Hemphillian | USA (Nebraska) | Barbourofelis morrisi (18236) Barbourofelis whitfordi (18134) | |
| Vallesian | Spain (Segovia) | Sansanosmilus jourdani (40768) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | China (Hebei) | Sansanosmilus palmidens (38674) | |
| MN 9 | Hungary (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén) | Sansanosmilus jourdani (75481) | |
| MN 9 - MN 10 | Germany (Baden-Wurttemberg) | Sansanosmilus jourdani (22681) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Oklahoma) | Barbourofelis loveorum (18034) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Nebraska) | Barbourofelis fricki (18086) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Kansas) | Barbourofelis sp. (18415) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Nevada) | Barbourofelis fricki (19060) |