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Phalium

Gastropoda - Cassidae

Taxonomy
Phalium was named by Link (1807) [Sepkoski's age data: T Eo-m-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 614,700]. It is extant. It is the type genus of Phaliinae.

It was reranked as Cassis (Phalium) by Johnson (1899) and Maury (1912).

It was assigned to Cassis by Johnson (1899) and Maury (1912); to Cassididae by Schenck (1926), Durham (1944), Harris and Palmer (1947) and Squires (1984); to Cassidae by Nagao (1928), Ladd (1977), Ladd (1982), Squires and Advocate (1986), Squires (1987), Squires (1999), Todd (2001) and Harzhauser (2002); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Phaliinae by Wilson (1993), Beu (2005) and Beu (2008).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1807Phalium Link p. 112
1886Cassis (Bezoardica) Watson p. 408
1899Cassis (Phalium) Johnson p. 77
1903Semicassis (Bezoardica) Cossmann p. 160
1909Bezoardica Dall
1912Cassis (Phalium) Maury p. 84
1925Cassidea (Bezoardica) Vredenburg p. 271
1926Phalium Schenck p. 76
1926Phalium (Bezoardica) Schenck p. 77
1928Phalium Nagao p. 106
1944Phalium Durham p. 167
1944Phalium (Bezoardica) Durham p. 167
1947Phalium Harris and Palmer p. 327
1961Bezoardicella Habe p. 43
1977Phalium Ladd p. 32
1982Phalium Ladd p. 40
1984Phalium Squires p. 27
1986Phalium Squires and Advocate p. 858
1987Phalium Squires p. 40
1993Phalium Wilson p. 232
1999Phalium Squires p. 18
2001Phalium Todd
2002Phalium Harzhauser p. 91
2002Phalium Sepkoski
2005Phalium Beu p. 46
2008Phalium Beu p. 361

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classGastropoda
RankNameAuthor
subclassCaenogastropoda(Cox 1959)
—Sorbeoconcha(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
—Hypsogastropoda(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
superorderLatrogastropodaRiedel 2000
superfamilyTonnoidea(Suter 1913)
familyCassidaeLatreille 1825
subfamilyPhaliinaeBeu 1981
genusPhaliumLink 1807

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Phalium Link 1807
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Subg. †Phalium (Kahua) Marwick 1928
Subg. †Phalium (Menthafontia) MacNeil and Dockery 1984
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†Phalium (Menthafontia) menthafons MacNeil and Dockery 1984
Subg. Phalium (Phalium) Link 1807
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†Phalium areola Linnaeus 1758
†Phalium bandatum Perry 1811
†Phalium guppyana Maury 1912
†Phalium paraensis Maury 1934
†Phalium taitii Conrad 1834
†Phalium taitii johnsoni Harris and Palmer 1947
Phalium undulatum Gmelin 1791
Invalid names: Bezoardica Dall 1909 [synonym], Bezoardicella Habe 1961 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: aragonitec
Locomotion: actively mobilef
Life habit: epifaunalf
Diet: carnivoref
Vision: limitedc
Created: 2009-09-10 07:59:15
Modified: 2009-09-10 09:59:15
Source: f = family, c = class
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Ypresian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 56.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma

Collections (59 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8USA (Texas) P. reklawensis (7788 7789 83950 84337)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Pakistan P. sp. (79074)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3USA (Texas) P. reklawensis (205223) P. sp. (205421 205454)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (Louisiana) P. taitii (90305 91115)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (Alabama) P. sp. (205489) P. taitii (90600)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (Mississippi) P. johnsoni (3531) P. taitii (90704 164232 232681)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (North Carolina) P. sp. (5366 5437 91737)
Bartonian41.3 - 38.0USA (Texas) P. sp. (205267 205271 205414 205430 205433 205484 205515)
Bartonian - Priabonian41.3 - 33.9USA (Florida) P. globosum (99257)
Priabonian38.0 - 33.9Trinidad and Tobago Cassis guppyana (80172)
Priabonian38.0 - 33.9USA (South Carolina) P. sp. (5362)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4USA (Florida) P. caelatura (80184)
Rupelian33.9 - 28.1USA (Mississippi) Cassis mississippiensis (84137) P. menthafons (5943) P. mississippiensis (6006 177590)
Rupelian33.9 - 28.1USA (North Carolina) P. newbernensis (4880)
Chattian28.1 - 23.03Denmark (Jylland) P. rondeleti (9170)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Brazil (Para) P. paraensis (60979 65162)
Langhian15.97 - 13.82Germany Phallum miolaevigatum (178467 178468)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62USA (Florida) P. murryi (111204 136943)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Mexico (Veracruz) P. globosum (59282)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Fiji Phallium vavukuana (78059)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Guam P. sp. (77939)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Fiji Phallium vavukuana (78060)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Dominican Republic P. multilineata (75041)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6USA (Oregon) P. turricula, P. aequisulcatum (71148)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588Japan P. flammiferum (97079)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Fiji P. glabratum, P. areola (94832)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Japan P. striagtum (97028)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117South Africa P. zeylanicum, P. labiata (122940 122945)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Vanuatu P. areola (78043)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129USA (Florida) P. inflatum (67070)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Japan P. torquatum (88886)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117India (Kerala) P. glaucum (107971)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117Kenya P. sp. (81036)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Portugal P. undulatum (122245)