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Taxonomy
Pinnipedia was named by Illiger (1811). It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Pinnipedia by Flower (1883), Lydekker (1885), Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Ameghino (1897), Gadow (1898), Hay (1902), Gregory (1910), Zittel (1925), Weber (1928), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Kovacs and Lavigne (1986), Tomida (1989), Vidal (1991), Ginsburg and Janvier (1999), Adam (2004) and Boessenecker and Churchill (2016); it was reranked as the order Pinnipedia by Kellogg (1931); it was reranked as the infraorder Pinnipedia by Deméré (1994); it was synonymized subjectively with Phocoidea by McKenna and Bell (1997); it was reranked as the unranked clade Pinnipedia by Ameghino (1889), Kellogg (1922), Berta et al. (1989), Berta (1994), Kohno et al. (1995), Kohno (1996), Rice (1998), Berta (2002), Deméré et al. (2003), Berta et al. (2006), Kohno and Ray (2008), Berta (2009), Fulton and Strobeck (2010), Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2016), Berta (2017), Boessenecker et al. (2024) and Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Pinnata by Bonaparte (1850); to Unguiculata by Ameghino (1889); to Sarcobora by Ameghino (1897); to Ferae by Hay (1902), Gregory (1910) and Kellogg (1922); to Mammalia by Illiger (1811), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Abel (1919) and Kellogg (1931); to Eutheria by Nowak (1991); to Arctoidea by Kohno et al. (1995) and Kohno (1996); to Ursida by Rice (1998); to Pinnipediformes by Berta (1994), Berta (2002), Deméré et al. (2003) and Berta (2009); to Pinnipedimorpha by Berta et al. (1989), Berta et al. (2006), Fulton and Strobeck (2010), Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2016) and Berta (2017); to Carnivora by Boessenecker et al. (2024); and to Carnivora by Flower (1883), Lydekker (1885), Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Gadow (1898), Zittel (1925), Weber (1928), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Kovacs and Lavigne (1986), Tomida (1989), Vidal (1991), Deméré (1994), Ginsburg and Janvier (1999), Adam (2004), Kohno and Ray (2008), Boessenecker and Churchill (2016) and Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2024).
It was reranked as the suborder Pinnipedia by Flower (1883), Lydekker (1885), Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Ameghino (1897), Gadow (1898), Hay (1902), Gregory (1910), Zittel (1925), Weber (1928), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Kovacs and Lavigne (1986), Tomida (1989), Vidal (1991), Ginsburg and Janvier (1999), Adam (2004) and Boessenecker and Churchill (2016); it was reranked as the order Pinnipedia by Kellogg (1931); it was reranked as the infraorder Pinnipedia by Deméré (1994); it was synonymized subjectively with Phocoidea by McKenna and Bell (1997); it was reranked as the unranked clade Pinnipedia by Ameghino (1889), Kellogg (1922), Berta et al. (1989), Berta (1994), Kohno et al. (1995), Kohno (1996), Rice (1998), Berta (2002), Deméré et al. (2003), Berta et al. (2006), Kohno and Ray (2008), Berta (2009), Fulton and Strobeck (2010), Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2016), Berta (2017), Boessenecker et al. (2024) and Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Pinnata by Bonaparte (1850); to Unguiculata by Ameghino (1889); to Sarcobora by Ameghino (1897); to Ferae by Hay (1902), Gregory (1910) and Kellogg (1922); to Mammalia by Illiger (1811), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Abel (1919) and Kellogg (1931); to Eutheria by Nowak (1991); to Arctoidea by Kohno et al. (1995) and Kohno (1996); to Ursida by Rice (1998); to Pinnipediformes by Berta (1994), Berta (2002), Deméré et al. (2003) and Berta (2009); to Pinnipedimorpha by Berta et al. (1989), Berta et al. (2006), Fulton and Strobeck (2010), Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2016) and Berta (2017); to Carnivora by Boessenecker et al. (2024); and to Carnivora by Flower (1883), Lydekker (1885), Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Gadow (1898), Zittel (1925), Weber (1928), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Kovacs and Lavigne (1986), Tomida (1989), Vidal (1991), Deméré (1994), Ginsburg and Janvier (1999), Adam (2004), Kohno and Ray (2008), Boessenecker and Churchill (2016) and Valenzuela-Toro et al. (2024).
Subtaxa
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1811 | Pinnipedia Illiger p. 138 |
1850 | Pinnipedia Bonaparte p. 1 |
1869 | Phoca modesta Leidy p. 415 |
1880 | Squalodon modestus Allen p. 470 |
1883 | Pinnipedia Flower p. 186 |
1885 | Pinnipedia Lydekker p. 196 |
1889 | Pinnipedia Ameghino p. 342 |
1889 | Pinnipedia Cope p. 876 |
1891 | Pinnipedia Flower and Lydekker p. 91 |
1897 | Pinnipedia Ameghino p. 501 |
1898 | Pinnipedia Gadow p. 51 |
1898 | Pinnipedia Trouessart p. 369 |
1902 | Squalodon modestus Hay p. 589 |
1902 | Pinnipedia Hay p. 783 |
1904 | Pinnipedia Trouessart p. 279 |
1910 | Pinnipedia Gregory p. 465 |
1919 | Pinnipedia Abel p. 747 |
1922 | Pinnipedia Kellogg p. 101 |
1923 | Phoca modesta Kellogg p. 26 |
1925 | Pinnipedia Zittel p. 78 |
1928 | Pinnipedia Weber p. 342 |
1930 | Phoca modesta Hay p. 564 |
1931 | Pinnipedia Kellogg p. 227 |
1971 | Pinnipedia Ginsburg and Janvier p. 162 |
1980 | Pinnipedia Kurten and Anderson p. 200 |
1986 | Pinnipedia Kovacs and Lavigne p. 1 |
1989 | Pinnipedia Berta et al. p. 61 figs. Fig. 3 |
1989 | Pinnipedia Tomida p. 110 |
1991 | Pinnipedia Nowak |
1991 | Pinnipedia Vidal p. 6 |
1994 | Pinnipedia Berta p. 25 figs. Fig. 21 |
1994 | Pinnipedia Deméré p. 113 |
1995 | Pinnipedia Kohno et al. p. 113 |
1996 | Pinnipedia Kohno p. 389 |
1998 | Pinnipedia Rice |
1999 | Pinnipedia Ginsburg and Janvier p. 170 |
2002 | Pinnipedia Berta p. 923 |
2003 | Pinnipedia Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3 |
2004 | Pinnipedia Adam p. 1 |
2006 | Pinnipedia Berta et al. p. 492 |
2008 | Pinnipedia Kohno and Ray p. 44 |
2009 | Pinnipedia Berta p. 863 |
2010 | Pinnipedia Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1 |
2016 | Pinnipedia Boessenecker and Churchill |
2016 | Pinnipedia Valenzuela-Toro et al. p. 4 |
2017 | Pinnipedia Berta p. 155 |
2024 | Pinnipedia Boessenecker et al. p. 5 |
2024 | Pinnipedia Valenzuela-Toro et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. Pinnipedia Illiger 1811 [pinniped]
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Fm. †Desmatophocidae Hay 1930
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Subfm. †Allodesminae Kellogg 1931
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G. †Allodesmus Kellogg 1922
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†Allodesmus demerei Boessenecker and Churchill 2018
†Allodesmus kernensis Kellogg 1922
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Invalid names: Allodesmus gracilis Barnes and Hirota 1995 [synonym], Allodesmus kelloggi Mitchell 1966 [synonym]
†Allodesmus naorai Kohno 1996
†Allodesmus packardi Barnes 1972
†Allodesmus sinanoensis Nagao 1941
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Invalid names: Allodesmus megallos Barnes and Hirota 1995 [synonym], Allodesmus sadoensis Barnes and Hirota 1995 [synonym]
†Allodesmus uraiporensis Tonomori et al. 2018
Invalid names: Brachyallodesmus Barnes and Hirota 1995 [synonym], Megagomphos Barnes and Hirota 1995 [synonym]
G. †Desmatophoca Condon 1906
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†Desmatophoca brachycephala Barnes 1987
†Desmatophoca oregonensis Condon 1906
Invalid names: Desmatophocinae Mitchell 1966 [empty]
Superfm. Otarioidea Gray 1825
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Subfm. †Imagotariinae Mitchell 1968
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Invalid names: Kamtschararctinae Dubrovo 1981 [synonym], Kamtschatarctinae Dubrovo 1981 [synonym]
Fm. Odobenidae Allen 1880 [walrus]
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G. †Nanodobenus Velez and Salinas-Márquez 2018
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†Nanodobenus arandai Velez and Salinas-Márquez 2018
Unr. †Neodobenia Magallanes et al. 2018
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Subfm. †Dusignathinae Mitchell 1968
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G. †Dusignathus Kellogg 1927
G. †Gomphotaria Barnes and Raschke 1991
Subfm. Odobeninae Allen 1880
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Tr. Odobenini Allen 1880
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G. Odobenus Brisson 1762 [walrus]
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Invalid names: Hemicaulodon Cope 1869 [synonym], Odobenotherium Gratiolet 1858 [synonym], Rosmarus Brunnich 1772 [synonym], Trichechus Linnaeus 1766 [synonym]
G. †Valenictus Mitchell 1961
Invalid names: Odobenina McKenna and Bell 1997 [empty]
G. †Ontocetus Leidy 1859
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†Ontocetus emmonsi Leidy 1859
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Invalid names: Alachtherium africanum Geraads 1997 [synonym], Alachtherium antverpiensis Rutten 1907 [synonym], Alachtherium cretsii Du Bus 1867 [synonym], Prorosmarus alleni Berry and Gregory 1906 [synonym], Trichecodon huxleyi Lankester 1865 [synonym]
Invalid names: Alachtherium Du Bus 1867 [synonym], Prorosmarus Berry and Gregory 1906 [synonym], Trichecodon Lankester 1865 [synonym], Trichecodon koninckii Van Beneden 1871 [nomen dubium]
G. †Pontolis True 1905
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†Pontolis barroni Biewer et al. 2020
†Pontolis kohnoi Biewer et al. 2020
†Pontolis magnus True 1907
Invalid names: Pontoleon True 1907 [synonym]
G. †Prototaria Takeyama and Ozawa 1984
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†Prototaria planicephala Kohno 1994
†Prototaria primigena Takeyama and Ozawa 1984
Invalid names: Rosmaridae Gill 1866 [synonym]
Fm. Otariidae Gray 1825 [eared seal]
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G. Arctocephalus Cuvier 1826 [fur seal]
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Subg. Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) Trouessart 1898
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Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) argentata Philippi 1892
Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) brachydactyla Philippi 1892
Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) gracilis Nehring 1887
Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) leucostoma Philippi 1892
Subg. Arctocephalus (Callotaria) Palmer 1892
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Arctocephalus (Callotaria) alaskanus Jordan and Clark 1899
Arctocephalus (Callotaria) kurilensis Jordan and Clark 1899
Arctocephalus australis Zimmerman 1783 [South American fur seal]
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Invalid names: Arctophoca tropicalis Gray 1872 [synonym]
Arctocephalus californianus Gray 1866
Arctocephalus doriferus Wood Jones 1925
Arctocephalus elegans Peters 1875
Arctocephalus falklandicus Shaw 1800
†Arctocephalus fischeri Gervais and Ameghino 1880
Arctocephalus forsteri Wood Jones 1922
Arctocephalus forsteri Lesson 1828
Arctocephalus galapagoensis Heller 1904
Arctocephalus gazella Peters 1875
Arctocephalus nigriscens Gray 1859
Arctocephalus nivosus Gray 1868
Arctocephalus philippii Peters 1866
Arctocephalus philippii Peters 1866
Arctocephalus pusillus Schreber 1778 [brown fur seal]
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Invalid names: Arctocephalus antarcticus Thunberg 1811 [synonym]
Arctocephalus tasmanica Scott and Lord 1926
Arctocephalus townsendi Merriam 1897 [Guadalupe fur seal]
Arctocephalus tropicalis Gray 1872
Invalid names: Arctophoca Peters 1866 [synonym], Halarctos Gill 1866 [synonym]
G. Callorhinus Gray 1859 [fur seal]
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†Callorhinus gilmorei Berta and Deméré 1986
Callorhinus ursinus Linnaeus 1758 [northern fur seal]
Invalid names: Callorhynchus Greve 1896 [synonym]
G. †Eotaria Boessenecker and Churchill 2015
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†Eotaria citrica Velez-Juarbe 2017
†Eotaria crypta Boessenecker and Churchill 2015
G. Eumetopias Gill 1866 [Steller sea lion]
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Subg. Eumetopias (Eumetopias) Trouessart 1898
Eumetopias jubatus Schreber 1776 [Steller sea lion]
†Eumetopias kishidai Shikama 1953
†Eumetopias oijyaensis Horikawa 1981
Eumetopias stelleri Fischer 1829
G. Neophoca Gray 1866 [Australian sea lion]
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Neophoca cinerea Peron 1816 [Australian sea lion]
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Arctocephalus (Arctocephalus) australis gracilis Nehring 1887
Invalid names: Arctocephalus lobatus Gray 1828 [synonym], Arctocephalus williamsi McCoy 1877 [synonym], Otaria albicollis Péron 1816 [synonym], Otaria australis Quoy and Gaimard 1830 [synonym]
†Neophoca palatina King 1983
G. Otaria Peron 1816 [sea lion]
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†Otaria fischeri Gervais and Ameghino 1880
Invalid names: Otoes Fischer 1817 [synonym], Phoca flavescens Shaw 1800 [nomen nudum], Platyrhynchus Cuvier 1827 [synonym], Pontoleo Gloger 1841 [synonym]
G. Phocarctos Gray 1844 [New Zealand sea lion]
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Phocarctos hookeri Gray 1844 [New Zealand sea lion]
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Invalid names: Arctocephalus caninus Berry 1928 [synonym]
G. †Thalassoleon Repenning and Tedford 1977
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†Thalassoleon inouei Kohno 1992
†Thalassoleon macnallyae Repenning and Tedford 1977
†Thalassoleon mexicanus Repenning and Tedford 1977
G. Zalophus Gill 1866 [California sea lion]
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Zalophus californianus Lesson 1828 [California sea lion]
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Invalid names: Arctocephalus gilliespii Macbain 1858 [synonym], Arctocephalus monteriensis Gray 1866 [synonym]
Zalophus japonicus Peters 1866
Zalophus wollebaeki Silversten 1954 [Galapagos sea lion]
Invalid names: Zalophus kimitsensis Matsumoto 1939 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Arctocephalinae Scheffer and Rice 1963 [empty], Callorhinae Muizon 1978 [invalid subgroup], Callorhinina Gray 1871 [invalid subgroup], Eumetopiina Gray 1871 [empty], Otaria oudriana Delfortrie 1872 [nomen dubium], Zalophina Gray 1871 [empty]
Superfm. Phocoidea Smirnov 1908
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Fm. Phocidae Gray 1821 [seal]
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Subfm. †Devinophocinae Koretsky and Holec 2002
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G. †Devinophoca Koretsky and Holec 2002
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†Devinophoca claytoni Koretsky and Holec 2002
†Devinophoca emryi Koretsky and Rahmat 2015
Subfm. Monachinae Trouessart 1897
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G. †Australophoca Valenzuela-Toro et al. 2016
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†Australophoca changorum Valenzuela-Toro et al. 2016
G. †Hadrokirus Amson and Muizon 2013
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†Hadrokirus martini Amson and Muizon 2013
†Hadrokirus novotini Hafed et al. 2023
G. †Homiphoca Muizon and Hendey 1980
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†Homiphoca capensis Hendey and Repenning 1972
†Homiphoca murfreesi Hafed et al. 2023
G. Hydrurga Gistel 1848 [leopard seal]
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Hydrurga leptonyx de Blainville 1820 [leopard seal]
Invalid names: Ogmorhinus Peters 1875 [synonym], Ogmorhinus (Ogmorhinus) Trouessart 1904 [invalid subgroup]
G. Leptonychotes Gill 1872 [Weddell seal]
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Leptonychotes weddellii Lesson 1826
Invalid names: Leptonyx Gray 1837 [synonym], Peocilophoca Lydekker 1891 [synonym], Poecilophoca Lydekker 1891 [synonym]
G. Lobodon Gray 1844 [crabeater seal]
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Lobodon carcinophaga Hombron and Jacquinot 1843 [crabeater seal]
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Invalid names: Stenorhynchus serridens Owen 1843 [synonym]
†Lobodon vetus Leidy 1853
Invalid names: Leptorhynchus Gray 1844 [synonym], Ogmorhinus Turner 1888 [synonym]
G. Mirounga Gray 1827 [elephant seal]
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Mirounga angustirostris Gill 1866 [northern elephant seal]
Mirounga leonina Linnaeus 1758 [southern elephant seal]
Morunga elephantina Molina 1782
Invalid names: Macrorhinus Cuvier 1824 [synonym], Macrorhyna Gray 1827 [synonym], Physorhinus Gloger 1841 [synonym], Rhinophoca Wagler 1830 [synonym]
G. Monachus Flemming 1822 [monk seal]
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Subg. Monachus (Monachus) Trouessart 1898
Subg. †Monachus (Monatherium) Van Beneden 1876
Monachus monachus Hermann 1779 [Mediterranean monk seal]
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Invalid names: Monachus albiventer Boddaert 1785 [synonym]
Invalid names: Heliophoca Gray 1854 [synonym], Mammonachus Herrera 1899 [synonym], Pelagios Cuvier 1824 [synonym], Pelagocyon Gloger 1842 [synonym]
G. Neomonachus Scheel et al. 2014 [Hawaiian monk seal]
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Neomonachus schauinslandi Hermann 1779 [Hawaiian monk seal]
G. †Palmidophoca Ginsburg and Janvier 1975
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†Palmidophoca callirhoe Ginsburg and Janvier 1975
Invalid names: Palmidophoca chrysar Ginsburg and Janvier 1999 [nomen dubium]
G. †Pontophoca Kretzoi 1941
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†Pontophoca jutlandica Koretsky et al. 2014
†Pontophoca sarmatica Alekseev 1924
†Pontophoca simionescui Kretzoi 1941
Invalid names: Mesotaria Van Beneden 1876 [nomen dubium], Miroungini Muizon 1981 [empty], Monotherium wymani Leidy 1854 [invalid subgroup], Paleophoca nystii Van Beneden 1859 [nomen dubium], Pristiphoca Gervais 1853 [nomen nudum], Pristiphoca occitana Gervais and de Serres 1847 [nomen nudum], Terranectes Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium], Terranectes magnus Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium], Terranectes parvus Rahmat et al. 2017 [nomen dubium]
Subfm. Phocinae Gray 1821 [seal]
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G. †Cryptophoca Koretsky and Ray 1994
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G. Cystophora Nilsson 1820 [hooded seal]
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Cystophora cristata Erxleben 1779 [hooded seal]
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Invalid names: Cystophora borealis Nilsson 1820 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cystophoca Schufeldt 1890 [synonym], Stemmatopis Gloger 1841 [synonym], Stemmatops Van der Hoeven 1855 [synonym], Stemmatopus Cuvier 1824 [synonym]
G. Erignathus Gill 1866 [bearded seal]
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Erignathus barbatus Erxleben 1777 [bearded seal]
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Invalid names: Phoca nautica Pallas 1811 [synonym]
G. †Frisiphoca Dewaele et al. 2018
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†Frisiphoca aberratum Vanden Broeck 1874
†Frisiphoca affine Vanden Broeck 1874
G. †Gryphoca Van Beneden 1876
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†Gryphoca nordica Koretsky et al. 2014
†Gryphoca similis Van Beneden 1876
G. Halichoerus Nilsson 1820 [grey seal]
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Subg. Halichoerus (Halichoerus) Trouessart 1898
Halichoerus grypus Fabricius 1791 [grey seal]
G. Histriophoca Gill 1873 [ribbon seal]
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†Histriophoca alekseevi Koretsky 2001
Histriophoca fasciata Zimmermann 1783 [ribbon seal]
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Invalid names: Phoca equestris Pallas 1831 [synonym]
G. †Leptophoca True 1906
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G. Phoca Linnaeus 1758 [seal]
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Subg. Phoca (Phoca) Trouessart 1898
Phoca caspica Nilsson 1837
†Phoca moori Newton 1890
Phoca vitulina Linnaeus 1758 [harbor seal]
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Invalid names: Halichoerus antarcticus Peale 1848 [synonym]
Invalid names: Arctias Rafinesque 1815 [synonym], Callocephalus Cuvier 1827 [synonym], Caspiopusa Dybowski 1929 [synonym], Halicyon Gray 1864 [synonym], Haliphilus Gray 1866 [synonym], Pagomys Gray 1860 [synonym], Pagophoca Trouessart 1904 [synonym]
G. †Phocanella Van Beneden 1876
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Invalid names: Phoca (Phocanella) straeleni Friant 1944 [nomen dubium], Phocanella couffoni Friant 1947 [nomen dubium]
Tr. Phocini Gray 1821
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Subtr. Phocina Gray 1825
Invalid names: Histriophocina Koretsky 2001 [empty], Phocinina Koretsky 2001 [empty]
G. †Platyphoca Van Beneden 1876
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†Platyphoca danica Koretsky et al. 2014
†Platyphoca vulgaris Van Beneden 1876
G. †Praepusa Kretzoi 1941
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†Praepusa boeska Koretsky et al. 2015
†Praepusa magyaricus Koretsky 2003
†Praepusa pannonica Kretzoi 1941
†Praepusa procaspica Gadzhiev 1961
†Praepusa tarchankutica Antoniuk and Koretsky 1984
†Praepusa vindobonensis Toula 1897
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Invalid names: Phoca holitschensis Bruhl 1860 [synonym], Phoca viennensis Blainville 1864 [synonym]
G. Pusa Scopoli 1777 [Arctic seal]
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Pusa caspica Nilsson 1837
Pusa hispida Schreber 1775 [ringed seal]
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Invalid names: Phoca (Phoca) foetida Fabricius 1776 [synonym]
Pusa sibirica Gmelin 1788
Invalid names: Erignathini Chapski 1955 [empty], Leptophoca amphiatlantica Koretsky et al. 2012 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Cystophorinae Gray 1866 [empty], Halichoerina Gray 1871 [empty], Manatus maeoticus Eichwald 1850 [invalid subgroup], Miophoca Zapfe 1937 [nomen dubium], Miophoca vetusta Zapfe 1937 [nomen dubium], Monachina Gray 1871 [empty], Ogmorhininae Turner 1888 [empty], Phoca ambigua Staring 1860 [invalid subgroup], Phoca bessarabica Simonescu 1925 [invalid subgroup], Phoca novorossica Alekseev 1924 [invalid subgroup], Stenorhynchina Gray 1825 [empty]
Invalid names: Amphibiae Gray 1821 [synonym]
Invalid names: Panotariidae Velez-Juarbe 2017 [empty], Squalodon modesta Leidy 1869 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available