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Pylaecephalidae
Taxonomy
Pylaecephalinae was named by Van Hoepen (1934). It is not extant.
It was reranked as the unranked clade Pylaecephalidae by Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009), Angielczyk and Rubidge (2010) and Angielczyk et al. (2014).
It was assigned to Dicynodontidae by Van Hoepen (1934) and Kuhn (1946); to Dicynodontia by Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009) and Angielczyk and Rubidge (2010); and to Therochelonia by Angielczyk et al. (2014).
It was reranked as the unranked clade Pylaecephalidae by Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009), Angielczyk and Rubidge (2010) and Angielczyk et al. (2014).
It was assigned to Dicynodontidae by Van Hoepen (1934) and Kuhn (1946); to Dicynodontia by Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009) and Angielczyk and Rubidge (2010); and to Therochelonia by Angielczyk et al. (2014).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1934 | Pylaecephalinae Van Hoepen |
| 1946 | Pylaecephalinae Kuhn p. 58 |
| 2009 | Pylaecephalidae Kammerer and Angielczyk |
| 2010 | Pylaecephalidae Angielczyk and Rubidge |
| 2014 | Pylaecephalidae Angielczyk et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. †Pylaecephalidae Van Hoepen 1934
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G. †Diictodon Broom 1913
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†Diictodon feliceps Owen 1876
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Invalid names: Dicynodon broomi Broili and Schröder 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon gamkaensis Broom 1937 [synonym], Dicynodon nanus Broom 1936 [synonym], Dicynodon parvidens Owen 1876 [synonym], Diictodon galeops Broom 1913 [synonym], Diictodon grimbeeki Broom 1935 [synonym], Diictodon grossharthi Broili and Schröder 1937 [synonym], Diictodon haughtonianus Huene 1931 [synonym], Diictodon ictidops Broom 1913 [synonym], Diictodon jouberti Broom 1905 [synonym], Diictodon macrorhynchus Broom 1921 [synonym], Diictodon palustris Broom 1913 [synonym], Diictodon psittacops Broom 1912 [synonym], Diictodon rubidgei Broom 1932 [synonym], Diictodon sesoma Watson 1960 [synonym], Diictodon sollasi Broom 1921 [synonym], Diictodon testudirostris Broom and Haughton 1913 [synonym], Diictodon tienshanensis Sun 1973 [synonym], Diictodon vanderhorsti Toerien 1953 [synonym]
Invalid names: Anomodon Keyser 1975 [synonym]
G. †Pylaecephalus Van Hoepen 1934
G. †Robertia Boonstra 1948
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†Robertia antjiesfonteinensis Toerien 1953
Invalid names: Broilius Toerien 1953 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| M. I. Van Hoepen 1934 | Skull high; snout fairly strong; intertemporal breadth variable: anteriorly broader, posteriorly equal to or broader than the introrbital breadth; posterior edges of the orbits either behind or in front of the middle of the skull; the edge of the postorbitals border on an angular field, which contains the parietal foramen; the upper edges of the postorbitals converge strongly backwards and at some distance behind the foramen they come close together and leave a canal between them; sometimes they actually meet and form a very short crest. The sides of the parietal bar also converge strongly backwards. | |
| C. F. Kammerer and K. D. Angielczyk 2009 | As noted above, several recent papers have examined the phylogenetic relationships among dicynodonts. However, we derived our lists of autapomorphies characterizing various dicynodont clades from only three of these references (Angielczyk 2007; Fröbisch 2007; Fröbisch & Reisz 2008). Our reasons for this are two-fold. First, these analyses are the most comprehensive in terms of character and taxon sampling. Second, many of the characters used in less comprehensive analyses, or very similar characters, were included in one or more of these works. The most frequently cited autapomorphies for Pylaecephalidae are: (1) median ridge on anterior surface of snout present; (2) notch in palatal rim anterior to caniniform process present; (3) ventral edge of the caniniform process or dorsal edge of the erupted portion of the canine tusk at the same level as the anterior
orbital margin; (4) dentary table present as an elongate grooved surface on the dorsal surface of the dentary bounded laterally by a low ridge and medially by a tall, thin, dorsally convex blade; (5) cleithrum present; (6) ectepicondylar foramen on humerus present. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Benton 1983, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range: base of the Wuchiapingian to the top of the Changhsingian or 259.90000 to 252.17000 Ma
Collections (80 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Permian | South Africa (Karoo Basin) | Diictodon sp. (188672) | |
| Permian | South Africa | Diictodon sp. (190082) | |
| Guadalupian | South Africa (Western Cape) | Dicynodon jouberti (177007) | |
| Guadalupian | South Africa (Northern Cape) | Prosictodon dubei (188880) | |
| Capitanian | South Africa (Northern Cape) | Diictodon feliceps (176246) Eosimops newtoni (85515) Robertia broomiana (181072) | |
| Capitanian | South Africa (Philippolis) | Eosimops newtoni (196357) | |
| Capitanian | South Africa (Western Cap) | Robertia sp. (181088) | |
| Capitanian | South Africa (Western Cape) | Dicynodon antjiesfonteinensis, Broilius antjiesfonteinensis, Dicynodon schroederi, Dicynodon vanderhorsti (174746) Dicynodon gamkaensis (176758) Dicynodon jouberti (92645 176244 179623) Dicynodon jouberti, Dicynodon haughtonianus (89650) Dicynodon jouberti, Robertia broomiana (86388) Dicynodon schroederi, Dicynodon vanderhorsti (178115) Diictodon sp., Dicynodon broomi, Dicynodon grossarthi (31777) Robertia broomiana (176250 176314) Robertia broomiana, Eosimops newtoni (176247) Robertia sp. (181089) Robertia sp., Dicynodon jouberti (176355) | |
| Capitanian - Wuchiapingian | South Africa (Western Cape) | Dicynodon jouberti, Robertia broomiana (177588) Dicynodon psittacops, Dicynodon feliceps, Dicynodon ictidops, Dicynodon sollasi (176922) | |
| Capitanian - Wuchiapingian | South Africa | Diictodon sp. (22662) | |
| Wuchiapingian | South Africa (Northern Cape) | Dicynodon jouberti (178870) Dicynodon psittacops, Dicynodon sollasi (174666 178478) Diictodon sp. (188979 190568) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Zambia | Dicynodon grimbeeki, Dicynodon sollasi (184599) Diictodon feliceps (184600 184672 184673 184674 184675 184676) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Zambia (Muchinga) | Diictodon feliceps (224360) | |
| Wuchiapingian | South Africa (Western Cape) | Dicynodon feliceps (175565) Dicynodon psittacops, Dicynodon grimbeeki, Dicynodon sollasi (178803) Dicynodon psittacops, Dicynodon sollasi (176357) Dicynodon testudirostris (171377) Diictodon galeops (86276 86278 86279 86280 86282 86285 86286 86296 86297 86298 86299 86300 86301 86302) Diictodon sp. (190045 190331) Diictodon sp., Dicynodon grimbeeki (22661) | |
| Wuchiapingian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Dicynodon ictidops (174734) Dicynodon nanus (144272 174626) Dicynodon nanus, Dicynodon ictidops (176339 179335 180807 180878) Dicynodon rubidgei (80826 174717) Dicynodon sollasi, Eosimops newtoni (171384) Diictodon galeops (181090) | |
| Wuchiapingian | South Africa (Graaff-Reinet) | Dicynodon parvidens (171378) | |
| Lopingian | South Africa (Free State) | Diictodon sp. (188676) | |
| Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Dicynodon feliceps (174747) Dicynodon macrorhynchus, Emydorhynchus palustris (80219) Dicynodon nanus (80174 176917) Dicynodon nanus, Dicynodon ictidops (80216 174663) | |
| Changhsingian | China (Xinjiang) | Dicynodon tienshanensis (178202) |