PBDB Taxon

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Nesodon imbricatus

Mammalia - Notoungulata - Toxodontidae

Taxonomy

Nesodon imbricatus was named by Owen (1846). It is not extant. It is the type species of Nesodon.

Synonyms

Toxodon patagonensis was named by Ameghino (1887). It is not extant.

It was recombined as Protoxodon patagonensis by Moreno (1882), Ameghino (1887) and Ameghino (1887); it was synonymized subjectively with Protoxodon sullivani by Ameghino (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894).
Nesodon sullivani was named by Owen (1846). It is not extant.

It was recombined as Protoxodon sullivani by Ameghino (1889); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894) and Lydekker (1894).
Protoxodon conspurcatus was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was recombined as Nesodon conspurcatus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Lydekker (1894) and Solórzano et al. (2019).
Protoxodon marmoratus was named by Ameghino (1887). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Barrancas del Río Santa Cruz, which is in a Santacrucian terrestrial horizon in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was recombined as Nesodon marmoratus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Lydekker (1894) and Cassini et al. (2012).
Protoxodon obliteratus was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ludekker (1894); it was recombined as Nesodon obliteratus by Ameghino (1894).
Adelphotherium trivium was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Lydekker (1894).
Adelphotherium repandum was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Lydekker (1894).
Acrotherium patagonicum was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894); it was recombined as Nesodon patagonicus by Lydekker (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon conspurcatus by Scott (1912).
Protoxodon evidens was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon patagonicus by Lydekker (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon conspurcatus by Scott (1912).
Nesodon typicus was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Adinotherium magister by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon ovinus by Lydekker (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Scott (1912).
Acrotherium variegatum was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Acrotherium karaikense by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Scott (1912).
Nesodon cornutus was named by Scott (1912). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Lake Pueyrredon (Santa Cruz Formation), which is in a Santacrucian fluvial sandstone in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Solórzano and Núñez-Flores (2021).
Adelphotherium ligatum was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894).
Atryptherium bifurcatum was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon conspurcatus by Scott (1912).
Scophotherium cyclops was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894).
Nesodon oweni was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894).
Nesodon rutimeyeri was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon conspurcatus by Scott (1912).
Nesotherium carinatum was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon conspurcatus by Scott (1912).
Nesotherium studeri was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Nesotherium elegans was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891); it was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon conspurcatus by Scott (1912).
Nesotherium rufum was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Nesotherium nehringi was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Nesotherium argentinum was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Protoxodon clemens was named by Fernández and Muñoz (2019).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Protoxodon henseli was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Protoxodon speciosus was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Adelphotherium lutarium was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Adelphotherium rothi was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1891).
Adelphotherium pumilum was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894).
Acrotherium intermedium was named by Mercerat (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon imbricatus by Ameghino (1894).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1846	Nesodon imbricatus Owen p. 66
1846	Nesodon sullivani Owen p. 66
1882	Protoxodon patagonensis Moreno p. 22
1882	Toxodon patagonensis Moreno p. 22
1887	Adelphotherium ligatum Ameghino
1887	Atryptherium bifurcatum Ameghino
1887	Protoxodon conspurcatus Ameghino
1887	Protoxodon marmoratus Ameghino
1887	Protoxodon obliteratus Ameghino
1887	Scophotherium cyclops Ameghino
1887	Toxodon patagonensis Ameghino p. 22
1887	Nesodon sullivani Ameghino p. 60
1887	Nesodon imbricatus Ameghino p. 61
1887	Protoxodon patagonensis Ameghino p. 62
1889	Protoxodon sullivani Ameghino p. 443
1891	Acrotherium intermedium Mercerat
1891	Acrotherium patagonicum Mercerat
1891	Acrotherium variegatum Mercerat
1891	Adelphotherium lutarium Mercerat
1891	Adelphotherium pumilum Mercerat
1891	Adelphotherium rothi Mercerat
1891	Nesodon oweni Mercerat
1891	Nesodon rutimeyeri Mercerat
1891	Nesodon typicus Mercerat
1891	Nesotherium argentinum Mercerat
1891	Nesotherium carinatum Mercerat
1891	Nesotherium elegans Mercerat
1891	Nesotherium nehringi Mercerat
1891	Nesotherium rufum Mercerat
1891	Nesotherium studeri Mercerat
1891	Protoxodon evidens Mercerat
1891	Protoxodon henseli Mercerat
1891	Protoxodon speciosus Mercerat
1891	Adelphotherium trivium Mercerat p. 429
1891	Adelphotherium repandum Mercerat p. 430
1894	Nesodon conspurcatus Ameghino p. 23
1894	Nesodon marmoratus Ameghino p. 23
1894	Nesodon obliteratus Ameghino p. 23
1894	Nesodon imbricatus Lydekker p. 26
1894	Nesodon patagonicus Lydekker p. 36
1912	Nesodon cornutus Scott
2004	Nesodon imbricatus Croft et al. p. 5 figs. 2, 4
2019	Protoxodon clemens Fernández and Muñoz

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes

Rank	Name	Author
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Afrotheria	Stanhope et al. 1998
—	Paenungulatomorpha
—	Paenungulata	Simpson 1945
—	Sudamericungulata
order	Notoungulata
suborder	Toxodontia	Ameghino 1887
—	Eutoxodontia
family	Toxodontidae
subfamily	Nesodontinae	(Murray 1866)
genus	Nesodon	Owen 1846
species	imbricatus	Owen 1846

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Nesodon imbricatus Owen 1846

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Invalid names: Acrotherium intermedium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Acrotherium variegatum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium ligatum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium lutarium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium pumilum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium repandum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium rothi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium trivium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Gronotherium decrepitum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon conspurcatus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon cornutus Scott 1912 [synonym], Nesodon marmoratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon oweni Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon typicus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium argentinum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium nehringi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium rufum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium studeri Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon clemens Fernández and Muñoz 2019 [synonym], Protoxodon henseli Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon obliteratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Protoxodon speciosus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon sullivani Owen 1846 [synonym], Scophotherium cyclops Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Toxodon patagonensis Ameghino 1887 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
D. A. Croft et al. 2004	Differs from Nesodon conspurcatus in larger size. Differs from N. cornutus in lower occiput and absence of dermal horn

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Body mass source:

publishedg

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

scansorialsubc

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2013-04-14 01:31:11

Modified:

2013-04-13 10:31:11

Source: g = genus, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, MacFadden et al. 1996, Lillegraven 1979, Hendy et al. 2009, Vizcaíno et al. 2010

Age range: Santacrucian or 17.50000 to 16.30000 Ma

Collections (18 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Chile	Nesodon imbricatus (103804)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Chile (Araucanía)	Nesodon imbricatus (212330)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Nesodon cornutus (210153) Nesodon imbricatus (27313 176576 176578 176581 176583 176585 176591 176602 176641 204358 210787) Nesodon imbricatus, Nesodon sp. (142533) Protoxodon marmoratus (176593)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Chile (Araucania)	Nesodon conspurcatus (144463)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Argentina (San Juan)	Nesodon conspurcatus (197900)