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Chirotherium
Taxonomy
Chirotherium was named by Kaup (1835). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Isochirotherium soergeli.
It was assigned to Thecodontia by Kuhn (1971); to Pseudosuchia by Demathieu and Haubold (1972) and Tongiorgi (1980); to Archosauria by Rainforth (2003); to Crurotarsi by Gand and Demathieu (2005); and to Chirotheriidae by Peabody (1948), Bock (1952), Baird (1954), Kuhn (1958), Kuhn (1963), Kuhn (1966), Haubold (1969), Haubold (1971), Haubold (1974), Gand (1974), Demathieu (1989) and Klein and Lucas (2021).
It was assigned to Thecodontia by Kuhn (1971); to Pseudosuchia by Demathieu and Haubold (1972) and Tongiorgi (1980); to Archosauria by Rainforth (2003); to Crurotarsi by Gand and Demathieu (2005); and to Chirotheriidae by Peabody (1948), Bock (1952), Baird (1954), Kuhn (1958), Kuhn (1963), Kuhn (1966), Haubold (1969), Haubold (1971), Haubold (1974), Gand (1974), Demathieu (1989) and Klein and Lucas (2021).
Species
C. atlensis, C. barthii (syn. Saurichnites gambaensis, C. bairdi, C. majus, Saurichnites auraensis, C. gallicum, C. kaupii, C. pfeifferi, C. higuerensis), C. culmbachense, C. ferox, C. herculis, C. heterodactylum, C. ischigualastianum, C. ladinicus, C. mediterraneum, C. peabodyi, C. postchirotherioides, C. praeparvum, C. reiteri, C. rex (syn. C. moquiensis), C. sickleri (syn. C. beasleyi, C. minus, C. bornemanni, C. bipes), C. soergeli, C. storetonense, C. swinnertoni, C. vorbachi, Quadridigitus dubius, Saurichnites leisnerianus, Saurichnites pourriaci
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1835 | Chirotherium Kaup pp. 327-328 |
| 1835 | Chirosaurus Kaup p. 328 |
| 1861 | Saurichnites Geinitz p. 65 |
| 1923 | Krokodilipus Nopcsa |
| 1948 | Chirotherium Peabody p. 340 |
| 1952 | Saurichnites Bock p. 403 |
| 1952 | Chirotherium Bock p. 410 |
| 1954 | Chirotherium Baird p. 167 |
| 1958 | Chirotherium Kuhn p. 21 |
| 1963 | Chirotherium Kuhn p. 68 |
| 1966 | Sphingopus Demathieu p. 485 fig. 2 |
| 1966 | Chirotherium Kuhn p. 75 |
| 1969 | Chirotherium Haubold p. 91 |
| 1971 | Chirotherium Haubold p. 55 |
| 1971 | Sphingopus Haubold p. 64 |
| 1971 | Chirotherium Kuhn p. 23 |
| 1972 | Chirotherium Demathieu and Haubold p. 805 |
| 1972 | Sphingopus Demathieu and Haubold p. 805 |
| 1974 | Chirotherium Gand p. 9 |
| 1974 | Chirotherium Haubold p. 39 |
| 1974 | Sphingopus Haubold p. 40 |
| 1979 | Sphingopus Gand p. 9 |
| 1980 | Chirotherium Tongiorgi p. 81 |
| 1981 | Quadridigitus Biron and Dutuit p. 407 |
| 1989 | Chirotherium Demathieu p. 202 |
| 1989 | Sphingopus Demathieu p. 202 |
| 1993 | Sphingopus Thulborn p. 461 |
| 2003 | Chirotherium Rainforth pp. 824-826 |
| 2005 | Chirotherium Gand and Demathieu p. 726 |
| 2005 | Sphingopus Gand and Demathieu p. 726 |
| 2021 | Chirotherium Klein and Lucas p. 21 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Chirotherium Kaup 1835
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†Chirotherium atlensis Biron and Dutuit 1981
†Chirotherium barthii Kaup 1835
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Invalid names: Chirotherium bairdi Reig 1961 [synonym], Chirotherium gallicum Willruth 1917 [synonym], Chirotherium higuerensis Rusconi 1952 [synonym], Chirotherium kaupii Owen 1842 [synonym], Chirotherium majus Sickler 1836 [synonym], Chirotherium pfeifferi Soergel 1925 [synonym], Saurichnites auraensis Kirchner 1927 [synonym], Saurichnites gambaensis Schuster 1936 [synonym]
†Chirotherium culmbachense Soergel 1925
†Chirotherium ferox Demathieu 1966
†Chirotherium herculis Egerton 1839
†Chirotherium heterodactylum King 1844
†Chirotherium ischigualastianum Huene 1931
†Chirotherium ladinicus Avanzini and Wachtler 2012
†Chirotherium mediterraneum Demathieu and Durand 1991
†Chirotherium peabodyi Faber 1958
†Chirotherium postchirotherioides Rehnelt 1950
†Chirotherium praeparvum Haubold 1967
†Chirotherium reiteri Moore 1873
†Chirotherium sickleri Kaup 1835
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Invalid names: Chirotherium beasleyi Nopcsa 1923 [synonym], Chirotherium bipes Berthold 1835 [synonym], Chirotherium bornemanni Willruth 1917 [synonym], Chirotherium minus Sickler 1836 [synonym]
†Chirotherium soergeli Haubold 1969
†Chirotherium storetonense Morton 1863
†Chirotherium swinnertoni Sarjeant 1970
†Chirotherium vorbachi Kirchner 1927
Invalid names: Chirosaurus Kaup 1835 [synonym], Krokodilipus Nopcsa 1923 [synonym], Quadridigitus Biron and Dutuit 1981 [synonym], Saurichnites Geinitz 1861 [synonym], Sphingopus Demathieu 1966 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| H. Klein and S. G. Lucas 2021 | Trackways of quadrupeds or facultative bipeds with pentadactyl pes and manus imprints. Pes imprint with functionally tridactyl, pronounced digit group II– IV; digit III longest; digit I reduced and thinner; pedal digit V positioned slightly laterally behind the digit group I–IV; ratio of manus:pes area in completely preserved specimens = 1:2, up to 3.5. Pace angulation mostly 160°-170°. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Benton 1983, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range: base of the Artinskian to the top of the Turonian or 290.10000 to 89.80000 Ma
Collections (105 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artinskian - Capitanian | Poland (Lower Silesia) | Saurichnites divaricatus, Saurichnites gracilis (223853) Saurichnites leisnerianus (187930) | |
| Buntsandstein | Germany (Bavaria) | C. vorbachi (205801) Saurichnites auraensis (205802) Saurichnites auraensis, C. vorbachi (205800) | |
| Induan | China (Guizhou) | C. sp. (60516) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | Niger (Agadez) | C. sp. (200662) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | Spain (Islas Baleares) | C. sp. (95349) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | United Kingdom (England) | C. herculis (164932) C. storetonense, C. minus, C. vorbachi, C. sp., C. minus (164930) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) | C. barthii (222574) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | Italy (Cuneo) | C. sp. (224578) | |
| Induan - Olenekian | United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) | C. sp. (197357) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic - Middle Triassic | Switzerland (Valais) | C. barthii (221969) | |
| Smithian | USA (Utah) | C. sp. (135440) | |
| Spathian | USA (Arizona) | C. moquiensis (95109) C. rex, C. minus (95107) | |
| Spathian | USA (Wyoming) | C. barthii (135634 135635 135636 135637) | |
| Olenekian | Morocco (Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz) | C. barthii (149976) | |
| Olenekian - Anisian | United Kingdom (Staffordshire) | C. sp. (197356) | |
| Olenekian - Anisian | USA (Arizona) | C. sp. (105106) | |
| Olenekian - Anisian | Germany (Thuringia) | C. barthi, C. sickleri (191138) C. bornemanni (191137) C. sp. (191139) C. sp., C. barthii, C. barthi, C. pfeifferi, C. vorbachi (182300) | |
| Aegean | France (Grand Est) | C. sp. (189021) | |
| Aegean - Bithynian | USA (Utah) | C. moquiensis (114090) | |
| Aegean - Bithynian | USA (Arizona) | C. barthi (114095) C. barthii (135413) C. rex, C. barthi (95093 114094) C. sp. (34888) | |
| Anisian | United Kingdom (England) | C. barthii, C. vorbachi, C. sp. (52505) C. sp. (80838 197351 197352) C. sp., C. barthii (197296) C. sp., C. barthii, C. sickleri (197353) C. sp., C. storetonense (197350) Otozoum swinnertoni, Coelurosaurichnus sp. (83053) | |
| Anisian | Spain (Aragon) | C. barthii (199856) | |
| Anisian | Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige) | C. barthii (194584) | |
| Anisian | Netherlands (Gelderland) | Rhynchosauroides peabodyi (96875) | |
| Anisian | Poland (Swietoryzskie) | C. barthii, Sphingopus sp. (175801) | |
| Anisian | France (Languedoc-Rousillon) | C. barthii, Sphingopus ferox, C. gallicum (199936) | |
| Anisian | Spain (Castilla-La Mancha) | C. sp. (74513) | |
| Anisian | Morocco (Marrakech-Safi) | C. barthii (199858 199903) | |
| Anisian | United Kingdom (Wirral) | C. sp. (197349) | |
| Illyrian | Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige) | C. sp., Sphingopus ladinicus (196816) | |
| Illyrian | Spain (Aragon) | Brachychirotherium gallicum (199855) | |
| Illyrian | Italy | C. rex (154341) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) | C. sp. (31310 199933 199934) Sphingopus ferox (201284) Sphingopus ferox, C. barthi (192151) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | France (Rhône-Alpes) | C. sp. (199929) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) | C. barthii (199928) C. sp. (68226 199913) C. sp., Sphingopus sp. (199912) Sphingopus ferox (62182 199910 199911) Sphingopus ferox, C. barthi (28462) Sphingopus sp. (68222) Sphingopus sp., Sphingopus ferox (24834) | |
| Middle Triassic | France ( Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) | C. barthi (201287) | |
| Middle Triassic | Argentina (Mendoza) | C. barthii (85558) | |
| Middle Triassic | France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) | Sphingopus ferox, C. barthi (201285) | |
| Middle Triassic | China (Guizhou) | C. barthii (196817 196818) | |
| Middle Triassic | United Kingdom (England) | C. sp. (227184) | |
| Middle Triassic | Germany (Thuringia) | C. barthi (191135 191136) C. pfeifferi (191134) | |
| Middle Triassic | France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) | Sphingopus ferox (201286) Sphingopus ferox, C. sp. (28092) | |
| Ladinian | Argentina (San Juan) | Rigalites ischigualastensis (74751) | |
| Ladinian | Argentina (Mendoza) | C. barthii, C. rex (219953) | |
| Ladinian - Carnian | Switzerland (Valais) | Isochirotherium sp. (220870) | |
| Carnian | Morocco (Marrakesh-Tensift-El Haouz) | C. atlensis (219915) | |
| Carnian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | C. sp. (187948) | |
| Carnian | Germany (Bayern) | C. sp. (97735) Dinosaurichnium postchirotherioides (139731) | |
| Carnian | Morocco (Marrakech-Safi) | Parachirotherium postchirotherioides (205518) Quadridigitus dubius (34701) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | USA (Pennsylvania) | C. sp. (230404) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) | C. sp. (28091) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | United Kingdom (Scotland) | C. sp. (174684) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | USA (Virginia) | C. sp. (192421) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | United Kingdom (England) | C. sp. (174686) | |
| Tuvalian | United Kingdom (England) | C. sp. (197334) | |
| Norian | USA (New Mexico) | C. sp. (84021) | |
| Norian | USA (Pennsylvania) | C. sp. (45195) | |
| Norian | Argentina (La Rioja) | C. sp. (85569) | |
| Norian | Argentina (Mendoza) | C. higuerensis (206089) | |
| Norian - Rhaetian | China (Sichuan) | C. sp. (224334) | |
| Rhaetian | France (Pays de la Loire) | C. sp. (70801) | |
| Sinemurian | Lesotho (Leribe) | C. sp. (56014) | |
| Turonian | Egypt (Aswan) | C. sp. (138680) |