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Ctenacanthiformes
Taxonomy
Ctenacanthida was named by Cappetta (1988). It is not extant.
It was corrected as Ctenacanthiformes by Goto and Okura (2004), Ginter et al. (2005), Ginter et al. (2010), Long (2011) and Nelson et al. (2016).
It was assigned to Elasmobranchii by Goto and Okura (2004); to Chondrichthyes by Sepkoski (2002) and Ginter et al. (2005); to Cladodontomorphi by Ginter et al. (2010); to Euselachii by Long (2011); and to Ctenacanthimorpha by Nelson et al. (2016).
It was corrected as Ctenacanthiformes by Goto and Okura (2004), Ginter et al. (2005), Ginter et al. (2010), Long (2011) and Nelson et al. (2016).
It was assigned to Elasmobranchii by Goto and Okura (2004); to Chondrichthyes by Sepkoski (2002) and Ginter et al. (2005); to Cladodontomorphi by Ginter et al. (2010); to Euselachii by Long (2011); and to Ctenacanthimorpha by Nelson et al. (2016).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1988 | Ctenacanthida Cappetta |
| 2002 | Ctenacanthida Sepkoski |
| 2004 | Ctenacanthiformes Goto and Okura p. 217 |
| 2005 | Ctenacanthiformes Ginter et al. p. 624 |
| 2010 | Ctenacanthiformes Ginter et al. p. 67 |
| 2011 | Ctenacanthiformes Long p. 242 |
| 2016 | Ctenacanthiformes Nelson et al. p. 46 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. †Ctenacanthiformes Cappetta 1988
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G. †Acandylacanthus St. John and Worthen 1875
G. †Arauzia Mader 1986
Fm. †Ctenacanthidae Dean 1909
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G. †Acondylacanthus John and Worthen 1875
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†Acondylacanthus aequicostatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Acondylacanthus attenuatus Davis 1883
†Acondylacanthus browni Branson 1916
†Acondylacanthus colei Davis 1883
†Acondylacanthus distans M'Coy 1848
†Acondylacanthus gracilis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Acondylacanthus gracillimus Newberry and Worthen 1866
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Invalid names: Ctenacanthus cannaliratus Stjohn and Worthen 1883 [objective synonym]
†Acondylacanthus mudgianus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Acondylacanthus nuperus St John and Worthen 1883
†Acondylacanthus rectus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Acondylacanthus tenuistriatus Davis 1883
G. †Bythiacanthus StJohn and Worthen 1875
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†Bythiacanthus brevis Agassiz 1836
†Bythiacanthus ianishevskyi Khabakob 1926
†Bythiacanthus lucasi Eastman 1902
†Bythiacanthus siderius Leidy 1870
†Bythiacanthus solidus Eastman 1903
†Bythiacanthus vanhornei StJohn and Worthen 1875
G. †Cladodoides Maisey 2001
G. †Cladodus Agassiz 1843
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†Cladodus acuminatus Newberry 1856
†Cladodus alternatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus angulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Cladodus bellifer St John and Worthen 1875
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Invalid names: Cladodus praenuntius St John and Worthen 1875 [synonym]
†Cladodus concinnus Newberry 1875
†Cladodus costatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Cladodus deflexus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Cladodus elegans Newberry and Worthen 1870
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Invalid names: Cladodus intercostatus St John and Worthen 1875 [synonym], Cladodus mucronatus Davis 1883 [synonym]
†Cladodus euglypheus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus exiguus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus exilis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus fulleri Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus gomphoides Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus gracilis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Cladodus hertzeri Newberry 1875
†Cladodus ischypus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Cladodus keokuk Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus lamnoides Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Cladodus marginatus Agassiz 1843
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Invalid names: Cladodus acutus Agassiz 1843 [synonym], Cladodus laevis M'Coy 1848 [synonym]
†Cladodus micropus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Cladodus mirabilis Agassiz 1843
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Invalid names: Cladodus basalis Davis 1883 [synonym], Cladodus splendens Newberry 1897 [synonym]
†Cladodus monroei Eastman 1900
†Cladodus newmani Tuomey 1858
†Cladodus pandatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus parvulus Newberry 1875
†Cladodus pattersoni Newberry 1875
†Cladodus politus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Cladodus raricostatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus rivipetrosi Claypole 1893
†Cladodus robustus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Cladodus romingeri Newberry 1875
†Cladodus subulatus Newberry 1875
†Cladodus terrelli Newberry 1899
†Cladodus tumidus Newberry 1899
†Cladodus turritus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Cladodus vanhornei St John and Worthen 1875
†Cladodus zygopus Newberry and Worthen 1866
Invalid names: Cladodus conicus Agassiz 1843 [nomen dubium], Cladodus curvus Davis 1883 [nomen dubium], Cladodus milleri Agassiz 1843 [nomen dubium], Cladodus parvus Agassiz 1843 [nomen dubium], Styptobasis Cope 1891 [synonym]
G. †Cratoselache Woodward 1924
G. †Ctenacanthus Agassiz 1836
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†Ctenacanthus abnormis Giebel 1858
†Ctenacanthus acutus Eastman 1897
†Ctenacanthus aequistriatus Davis 1879
†Ctenacanthus amblyxiphias Cope 1891
†Ctenacanthus angulatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Ctenacanthus angustus Newberry 1889
†Ctenacanthus burlingtonensis Stjohn and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus buttersi St John and Worthen 1883
†Ctenacanthus chemungensis Claypole 1885
†Ctenacanthus clarkii Newberry 1889
†Ctenacanthus cliftonensis Branson and Mehl 1938
†Ctenacanthus costatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Ctenacanthus coxianus Stjohn and Worthen 1883
†Ctenacanthus cylindricus Newberry 1889
†Ctenacanthus decussatus Eastman 1902
†Ctenacanthus denticulatus McCoy 1855
†Ctenacanthus depressus Newberry 1897
†Ctenacanthus elegans Tuomey 1858
†Ctenacanthus excavatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus fallax Woodward 1891
†Ctenacanthus formosus Newberry 1873
†Ctenacanthus furcicarinatus Newberry 1875
†Ctenacanthus gemmatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus gracillimus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Ctenacanthus gradocostatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus gurleyi Newberry 1897
†Ctenacanthus keokuk Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus laevis Davis 1883
†Ctenacanthus littoni Newberry 1889
†Ctenacanthus major Agassiz 1836
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Invalid names: Ctenacanthus deflexus St. John and Worthen 1883 [objective synonym], Ctenacanthus harrisoni St. John and Worthen 1883 [objective synonym], Ctenacanthus maximus de Koninck 1878 [synonym], Ctenacanthus salopiensis Davis 1883 [objective synonym], Ctenacanthus spectabilis St. John and Worthen 1875 [objective synonym], Ctenacanthus tenuistriatus Agassiz 1836 [objective synonym], Ctenacanthus varians St. John and Worthen 1875 [objective synonym]
†Ctenacanthus marshii Newberry 1873
†Ctenacanthus mayi Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Ctenacanthus minor Davis 1879
†Ctenacanthus mutabilis Branson 1933
†Ctenacanthus obscuracostatus Branson 1916
†Ctenacanthus ornatus Agassiz 1836
†Ctenacanthus pellensis Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Ctenacanthus pugiunculus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus pustulatus Davis 1883
†Ctenacanthus randalli Newberry 1889
†Ctenacanthus sculptus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus similis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus speciosus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenacanthus triangularis Newberry 1873
†Ctenacanthus venustus Eastman 1902
†Ctenacanthus vetustus Newberry 1873
†Ctenacanthus wrighti Newberry 1884
†Ctenacanthus xiphias Saint John and Worthen 1883
Invalid names: Ctenacanthus crenatus McCoy 1855 [nomen dubium], Ctenacanthus crenulatus Agassiz 1837 [nomen nudum]
G. †Glikmanius Ginter et al. 2005
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†Glikmanius culmenis Koot et al. 2013
†Glikmanius myachkovensis Lebedev 2001
†Glikmanius occidentalis Leidy 1859
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Invalid names: Cladodus girtyi Hay 1900 [synonym], Cladodus mortifer Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Phoebodus knightianus Eastman 1903 [synonym]
G. †Glymmatacanthus StJohn and Worhten 1875
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†Glymmatacanthus irishii StJohn et al. 1883
†Glymmatacanthus petrodoides StJohn et al. 1883
†Glymmatacanthus rudis StJohn et al. 1883
G. †Tamiobatis Eastman 1897
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†Tamiobatis springeri St. John and Worthen 1875
†Tamiobatis succinctus St. John and Worthen 1875
†Tamiobatis vetustus Eastman 1897
†Tamiobatis wachsmuthi St. John and Worthen 1875
Invalid names: Anodontacanthus ruthenorum Chabakov 1928 [nomen nudum]
Superfm. †Ctenacanthoidea Zangerl 1981
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G. †Anaclitacanthus St. John and Worthen 1875
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†Anaclitacanthus semicostatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Asteroptychius Agassiz 1843
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†Asteroptychius bellulus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Asteroptychius bellus Branson 1906
†Asteroptychius elegans Newberry 1889
†Asteroptychius gracilis Newberry 1897
†Asteroptychius keokuk Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Asteroptychius ornatus Agassiz 1843
†Asteroptychius sanctiludovici Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Asteroptychius semiornatus M'Coy 1848
†Asteroptychius tenellus Saint John and Worthen 1883
†Asteroptychius tenuis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Asteroptychius triangularis Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Asteroptychius vetustus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Fm. †Bandringidae Zangerl 1969
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G. †Pyknotylacanthus Mutter and Rieber 2005
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†Pyknotylacanthus humboldtensis Davidson 1919
†Pyknotylacanthus spathianus Mutter and Rieber 2005
G. †Wodnika Münster 1843
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†Wodnika althausi Münster 1840
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Invalid names: Strophodus angustus Münster 1843 [synonym], Strophodus arcuatus Münster 1840 [synonym]
†Wodnika ocoyae Jordan and Gilbert 1919
Invalid names: Radamas Münster 1843 [synonym]
Invalid names: Tamiobatidae Hay 1902 [empty]
G. †Goodrichthys
Fm. †Heslerodidae Maisey 2010
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G. †Heslerodus Ginter 2002
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†Heslerodus divergens Trautschold 1879
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Invalid names: Phoebodus heslerorum Williams 1985 [synonym]
G. †Moyacanthus
G. †Pororhiza
G. †Saivodus Duffin and Ginter 2006
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†Saivodus striatus Agassiz 1843
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Invalid names: Cladodus corrugatus Croneis 1927 [synonym], Cladodus curtus Davis 1883 [synonym], Cladodus eccentricus St John and Worthen 1875 [synonym], Cladodus elongatus Davis 1883 [synonym], Cladodus ferox Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Cladodus grandis Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Cladodus hornei Davis 1883 [synonym], Cladodus magnificus Tuomey 1858 [synonym], Cladodus prototypus Eastman 1907 [synonym], Cladodus spinosus Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Cladodus stenopus Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Wagner 2023 | |||||
Age range: base of the Emsian to the top of the Early/Lower Miocene or 407.60000 to 15.97000 Ma
Collections (186 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emsian - Eifelian | Brazil (Piaui) | Ctenacanthus sp. (37126 37128) | |
| Late/Upper Frasnian | Russian Federation (Komi) | Ctenacanthidae indet. (133353) | |
| Famennian | USA (Ohio) | Ctenacanthus compressus (90676 90677) Tamiobatis vetustus (90624) | |
| Famennian | Belarus (Homel) | Ctenacanthidae indet. (232528) | |
| Famennian | Afghanistan (Kabul) | Cladodus sp. (232508) | |
| Middle Famennian | Russian Federation (Komi) | Ctenacanthidae indet. (133358 133359) | |
| Kinderhookian | USA (Indiana) | Cladodus springeri (6730) | |
| Early/Lower Mississippian | USA (Alabama) | Cladodus magnificus, Ctenacanthus elegans (84108) | |
| Tournaisian | Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk Krai) | Cladodus sp., Ctenacanthidae indet. (232962) | |
| Tournaisian | Russian Federation | Ctenacanthidae indet. (133363) | |
| Tournaisian | Belarus (Homel) | Ctenacanthida indet., Ctenacanthidae indet. (232531) Ctenacanthidae indet. (232533) | |
| Mississippian | United Kingdom | Acondylacanthus distrans, Asteroptychius ornatus, Ctenacanthus laevis, Ctenacanthus pustulatus, Acondylacanthus attenuatus, Acondylacanthus colei, Acondylacanthus tenuistriatus (137333) Cladodus striatus, Ctenacanthus crenatus, Cladodus mirabilis, Asteroptychius ornatus, Asteroptychius semiornatus, Cladodus laevis, Ctenacanthus distans (132781) Ctenacanthus denticulatus (137332) | |
| Mississippian | USA (Alabama) | Cladodus magnificus, Cladodus newmani (84103) | |
| Arundian | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Goodrichthys eskdalensis (90682) | |
| Visean | Belarus (Homel) | Ctenacanthidae indet. (232527) | |
| Meramecian | USA (Nevada) | Cladodus sp. (62674 62842) | |
| Asbian | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Ctenacanthidae indet. (230471 230473 230474 230477 230478 230479 230480) | |
| Serpukhovian | USA (Montana) | Ctenacanthus indet. (5621) Ctenacanthus indet., Cladodus sp. (5641) | |
| Arnsbergian | USA (Montana) | Cladodus sp. (227065) | |
| Bashkirian | USA (Wyoming) | Heslerodus divergens (149375) | |
| Bashkirian | United Kingdom (England) | Cladodus mirabilis (132670) | |
| Pennsylvanian | Ireland | Ctenacanthus denticulatus (132785) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Illinois) | Bandringa rayi (132078) Ctenacanthus buttersi (132297) Phoebodus heslerorum, Symmorium reniforme (133406) Styptobasis aculeata (132163) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Colorado) | Bythiacanthus sp. 1, Bythiacanthus sp. 2, Ctenacanthus buttersi, Acondylacanthus nuperus, Ctenacanthus furcicarinatus (132302) Ctenacanthus buttersi (132298 132299 132300 132301 132303) | |
| Moscovian | Russian Federation | Cladodus divergens, Cladodus lamnoides (132707) Symmorium reniforme (121038 121039) | |
| Moscovian | Japan | Cladodus sp. 1, Cladodus sp. 2, Cladodus sp. 3, Cladodus sp. 4 (90282) | |
| Moscovian | USA (South Dakota) | Cladodus sp. (132341) | |
| Moscovian | Greenland | Ctenacanthus sp. (90245) Heslerodidae indet. (198286) | |
| Moscovian | USA (indiana) | Phoebodus heslerorum, Symmorium reniforme (132245) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Ohio) | Heslerodus divergens (149379) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Arizona) | Acandylacanthus sp., Cladodus occidentalis (90772) | |
| Moscovian | USA (New Mexico) | Bythiacanthus sp. (149385) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Indiana) | Phoebodus heslerorum, Symmorium reniforme (131614 132119 132157 132226 132282) Symmorium reniforme (132120 132182 132185 132194 132197 132227 132239 133408 133409 133412 133414) | |
| Moscovian - Kasimovian | United Kingdom | Ctenacanthus minor (132867) | |
| Desmoinesian | USA (Oklahoma) | Ctenacanthiformes indet. (223893) | |
| Westphalian D | USA (Illinois) | Bandringa herdinae (132455) | |
| Kasimovian | USA (Nebraska) | Cladodus mortifer (132676) Cladodus occidentalis (132967 133262 133263) Ctenacanthus amblyxiphias (132978 133265) Phoebodus heslerorum (133404) Phoebodus knightianus (133268) | |
| Kasimovian | USA (Kansas) | Cladodus occidentalis, Bythiacanthus sp. (132333) Ctenacanthus sp., Cladodus sp. (117102) | |
| Kasimovian | USA (New Mexico) | Ctenacanthus sp., Symmorium reniforme (130312) | |
| Gzhelian | USA (Pennsylvania) | Heslerodus divergens (149376) | |
| Gzhelian | USA (Ohio) | Heslerodus divergens (149377 149378) | |
| Gzhelian | USA (Kansas) | Ctenacanthidae indet. (120926) | |
| Gzhelian | USA (Nebraska) | Glikmanius myachkovensis (149380) | |
| Gzhelian - Asselian | Russian Federation | Cladodus divergens (133283) | |
| Noginskian | USA (Kansas) | Cladodus sp. (11789 11866 11958) | |
| Asselian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Heslerodus sp. (90291) | |
| Asselian | Bolivia | Cladodus sp. (118107) | |
| Asselian | USA (Kansas) | Cladodus sp. (12111 12115) Cladodus sp., Ctenacanthus amblyxiphias (132373) Ctenacanthus sp., Cladodus sp., Cladodus occidentalis (132372) | |
| Asselian | USA (Texas) | Ctenacanthus amblyxiphias (132657) | |
| Cisuralian | USA (Texas) | Ctenacanthus amblyxiphias (149353) | |
| Permian | USA (Alaska) | Wodnika borealis (119889) | |
| Sakmarian | Oman | Glikmanius myachkovensis (140654) | |
| Sakmarian | USA (Kansas) | Cladodus sp. (130813) | |
| Artinskian | Greenland | Cladodus sp. (90246) | |
| Artinskian | USA (Nebraska) | Phoebodus knightianus (149351) | |
| Artinskian | Russian Federation (Bashkortostan) | Heslerodus sp. (90295) | |
| Artinskian | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | Cladodus sp. (212502) | |
| Artinskian | USA (Kansas) | Ctenacanthus amblyxiphias (149352) | |
| Artinskian | Russian Federation (Sverdlovsk) | Heslerodus sp. (90292) | |
| Artinskian - Kungurian | USA (Texas) | Ctenacanthus amblyxiphias (85299) Glikmanius occidentalis (117094) | |
| Leonardian | USA (Oklahoma) | Ctenacanthus sp. (84941) | |
| Kungurian | USA (Arizona) | Glikmanius occidentalis, Glikmanius myachkovensis, Heslerodus divergens, Kaibabvenator swiftae, Nanoskalme natans, Neosaivodus flagstaffensis (132087) Neosaivodus flagstaffensis (132089) Saivodus sp., Kaibabvenator swiftae, Nanoskalme natans (132088) | |
| Kungurian | Brazil (Maranhao) | Ctenacanthidae indet. (192146) | |
| Kungurian | USA (Texas) | Glikmanius occidentalis (117092) | |
| Kungurian | Brazil (Santa Catarina) | Ctenacanthus gondwanus (232547) | |
| Kazanian | Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) | Ctenacanthus sp. (232544) | |
| Roadian | Japan | Symmorium sp. (90286) | |
| Roadian | USA (Arizona) | Glikmanius occidentalis, Glikmanius myachkovensis, Neosaivodus flagstaffensis (132091) Kaibabvenator swiftae (132090 132092 132093) | |
| Roadian | USA (Wyoming) | Cladodus occidentalis, Ctenacanthus browni, Ctenacanthus obscuracostatus (128880) Ctenacanthus amblyxiphias (149345) | |
| Roadian | Russian Federation | Anodontacanthus ruthenorum (149546) Ctenacanthus sp. (164808) | |
| Wordian | Oman | Glikmanius myachkovensis (121856 121860 140659 140662 140667 140668 140669 140670 140673) Glikmanius myachkovensis, Glikmanius culmenis (121857 123785 140655 140657 140658 140660 140661 140664 140665 140666) | |
| Wordian | Japan | Glikmanius occidentalis (117864) | |
| Urzhumian - Early/Lower Severodvinian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Wodnika sp. (187189) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Germany | Ctenacanthus sp. (130038 130039 149494) Ctenacanthus sp., Wodnika striatula (96856 130037) Wodnika striatula (130062 130275 130276) Wodnika striatula, Acrodus althausii, Strophodus arcuatus, Strophodus angustus, Radamas macrocephalus (149471) | |
| Wuchiapingian | USA (Wyoming) | Cladodus occidentalis, Ctenacanthus browni (90235) Ctenacanthus mutabilis (90236) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Greenland | Cladodus sp. (122144) | |
| Vyatkian | Russian Federation (Vladimir) | Wodnika sp. (86346) | |
| Changhsingian | India (Kashmir) | Ctenacanthus ishii (48994 115374 115375) | |
| Changhsingian | China (Zhejiang) | Ctenacanthidae sp. (119813) | |
| Smithian - Spathian | Canada (British Columbia) | Ctenacanthoidea indet. (119439) | |
| Spathian | USA (Idaho) | Pyknotylacanthus spathianus (90300) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | USA (Nevada) | Cosmacanthus humboldtensis (136685) | |
| Carnian | United Kingdom (England) | Ctenacanthoidea indet. (46889) | |
| Carnian | India (Madhya Pradesh) | Cladodus sp. (105292 173722 207798) | |
| Norian | USA (Pennsylvania) | Carinacanthus jepseni (99375 221020) | |
| Norian - Rhaetian | Belgium | Ctenacanthoidea indet. (131520) | |
| Rhaetian | Belgium (Gaume) | Ctenacanthidae indet. (139198 139199 139204) | |
| Early/Lower Valanginian | France (Gard) | Ctenacanthiformes indet. (213631) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | USA (California) | Wodnika ocoyae (186027) |