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Placodontia (placodont)
Taxonomy
Placodontia was named by Cope (1871). It is not extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Placodontia by Zittel (1890) and Osborn (1903); it was corrected as Placodonti by Jaekel (1910) and Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the unranked clade Placodontia by Rieppel (1995) and Miguel Chaves et al. (2018).
It was assigned to Theromorpha by Zittel (1890); to Anomodontia by Osborn (1903); to Anomodontia by Osborn (1903) and Osborn (1904); to Enaliosauri by Jaekel (1910); to Holosauria by Jaekel (1911); to Theromorpha by Gadow (1898) and Perrier (1928); to Dranitesauria by Nopcsa (1928); to Synaptosauria by Roxo (1937); to Theromorphoidea by Huene (1954); to Archosauria by Carroll (1988); to Placodontomorpha by Pinna and Nosotti (1989); to Sauropterygia by Rieppel (1995) and Rieppel (2000); to Reptilia by Swinton (1934), Kuhn (1946) and Sepkoski (2002); to Placodontiformes by Neenan et al. (2013) and Miguel Chaves et al. (2018); and to Sauropterygia by Rieppel (2000), O'Keefe (2001) and Wang et al. (2019).
It was reranked as the suborder Placodontia by Zittel (1890) and Osborn (1903); it was corrected as Placodonti by Jaekel (1910) and Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the unranked clade Placodontia by Rieppel (1995) and Miguel Chaves et al. (2018).
It was assigned to Theromorpha by Zittel (1890); to Anomodontia by Osborn (1903); to Anomodontia by Osborn (1903) and Osborn (1904); to Enaliosauri by Jaekel (1910); to Holosauria by Jaekel (1911); to Theromorpha by Gadow (1898) and Perrier (1928); to Dranitesauria by Nopcsa (1928); to Synaptosauria by Roxo (1937); to Theromorphoidea by Huene (1954); to Archosauria by Carroll (1988); to Placodontomorpha by Pinna and Nosotti (1989); to Sauropterygia by Rieppel (1995) and Rieppel (2000); to Reptilia by Swinton (1934), Kuhn (1946) and Sepkoski (2002); to Placodontiformes by Neenan et al. (2013) and Miguel Chaves et al. (2018); and to Sauropterygia by Rieppel (2000), O'Keefe (2001) and Wang et al. (2019).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1871 | Placodontia Cope |
| 1890 | Placodontia Zittel p. 449 |
| 1898 | Placodontia Gadow p. 18 |
| 1903 | Placodontia Osborn p. 276 |
| 1904 | Placodontia Osborn p. 104 |
| 1910 | Placodonti Jaekel p. 335 |
| 1911 | Placodonti Jaekel p. 150 |
| 1928 | Placodontia Nopcsa p. 172 |
| 1928 | Placodondia Perrier p. 3118 |
| 1934 | Placodontia Swinton p. 63 |
| 1937 | Placodontia Roxo p. 43 |
| 1946 | Placodontia Kuhn p. 60 |
| 1954 | Placodontia Huene p. 37 |
| 1988 | Placodontia Carroll |
| 1989 | Placodontia Pinna and Nosotti |
| 1995 | Placodontia Rieppel p. 2 |
| 2000 | Placodontia Rieppel |
| 2001 | Placodontia O'Keefe p. 21 |
| 2002 | Placodontia Sepkoski |
| 2005 | Priscochelys hegnabrunnensis Karl p. 72 figs. 1, 2a |
| 2006 | Priscochelys hegnabrunnensis Joyce and Karl |
| 2013 | Placodontia Neenan et al. fig. 3 |
| 2018 | Placodontia Miguel Chaves et al. |
| 2019 | Placodontia Wang et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. †Placodontia Cope 1871 [placodont]
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G. †Chelyposuchus Romer 1966
Fm. †Cyamodontidae Nopcsa 1923
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G. †Cyamodus von Meyer 1863
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†Cyamodus hildegardis Peyer 1931
†Cyamodus kuhnschnyderi Nosotti and Pinna 1993
†Cyamodus orientalis Wang et al. 2019
†Cyamodus rostratus Münster 1839
†Cyamodus tarnowitzensis Gürich 1884
Subor. †Cyamodontoidea Nopcsa 1923
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Unr. †Placochelyida Romer 1956
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G. †Psephoderma von Meyer 1858
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†Psephoderma alpinum Meyer 1858
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Invalid names: Placochelys malanchinii Boni 1948 [synonym], Placochelys stoppanii Pinna 1980 [synonym], Placodus zitteli Amman 1878 [synonym]
†Psephoderma anglicum Meyer 1864
†Psephoderma sculptata Rieppel 2002
Invalid names: Placochelyanus Pinna 1976 [synonym]
Invalid names: Macroplacidae Rieppel 2000 [empty], Protenodontosauridae Rieppel 2000 [empty]
Fm. †Placochelyidae Jaekel 1910
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G. †Priscochelys Karl 2005
G. †Psephosauriscus Rieppel 2002
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†Psephosauriscus ramonensis Rieppel 2002
†Psephosauriscus rhombifer Rieppel 2002
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Invalid names: Psephosaurus rhombifer Haas 1959 [replaced]
†Psephosauriscus sinaiticus Rieppel 2002
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Invalid names: Psephosaurus sinaiticus Haas 1959 [replaced]
Invalid names: Psephosaurus picardi Brotzen 1956 [nomen dubium]
G. †Negevodus Mazin 1986
Fm. †Paraplacodontidae Peyer and Kuhn-Schnyder 1955
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Superfm. †Placodontoidea Nopcsa 1923
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Fm. †Placodontidae Cope 1871
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G. †Placodus Agassiz 1833
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†Placodus duplicatus Fraas 1896
†Placodus gigas Agassiz 1833
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Invalid names: Anomosaurus strunzi Huene 1905 [synonym], Omphalosaurus peyeri Maisch and Lehmann 2002 [synonym], Placodus antiquior Huene 1936 [synonym], Placodus hypsiceps Meyer 1863 [synonym], Placodus quinmolaris Braun 1863 [synonym]
†Placodus inexpectatus Jiang et al. 2008
Invalid names: Anomosaurus Huene 1902 [synonym], Crurosaurus Huene 1902 [synonym], Crurosaurus problematicus Huene 1902 [nomen dubium], Placodus aethiops Meyer 1863 [nomen nudum], Placodus andriani Agassiz 1839 [nomen dubium], Placodus angustus Meyer 1863 [nomen nudum], Placodus bathygnathus Owen 1859 [nomen dubium], Placodus bombidens Owen 1858 [nomen dubium], Placodus gracilis Jurcsak 1976 [nomen dubium], Placodus impressus Agassiz 1833 [nomen dubium], Placodus pachygnathus Owen 1859 [nomen dubium], Placodus rugosus Meyer 1863 [nomen nudum]
Invalid names: Chelyoposuchinae Kuhn 1946 [empty]
Invalid names: Hemilopadidae Jaekel 1910 [empty], Placodontida Peyer and Kun-Schnyder 1955 [empty], Priscochelys hegnabrunnensis Karl 2005 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| E. Perrier 1928 | Deux à trois dents coniques aux prémaxillaires; trois à cinq molaires larges et plates aux maxillaires ; trois paires de plaques beaucoup plus larges, couvrant presque tout le palais. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Bush and Bambach 2015 | |||||
Collections (83 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olenekian - Anisian | Israel | Placodus sp. (63904) | |
| Anisian | Germany (Bayern) | Placodus gigas (138136) | |
| Anisian | Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) | Placodus gigas, Placodus antiquior (138123) | |
| Anisian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Placodus gigas (138135) | |
| Anisian | Netherlands (Gelderland) | Pararcus diepenbroeki (142738) Placodus sp. (96875) | |
| Anisian | Poland | Placodus sp. (63538) | |
| Anisian | Italy (Lombardia) | Paraplacodus broilii (37323) | |
| Anisian | Israel | Psephosaurus mosis (63924) Psephosaurus sp. (63939) | |
| Anisian | Spain (Castilla-La Mancha) | Cyamodontidae indet. (74517) | |
| Anisian | Germany | Omphalosaurus peyeri (138116) Placodus gigas (59960 138090 138134) | |
| Illyrian | Israel (Negev) | Psephosaurus picardi (214651) | |
| Illyrian | Israel | Placodus sp., Psephosaurus spp., Psephosaurus picardi (63945) Psephoderma sp., Psephosauriscus sinaiticus, Psephosauriscus ramonensis (149344) | |
| Illyrian | Germany (Bavaria) | Cyamodus rostratus, Cyamodus muensteri (196168) | |
| Pelsonian | Israel (Negev) | Psephosaurus mosis (214648) | |
| Pelsonian | Italy (Trentino) | Placodus gigas (99307) | |
| Pelsonian | China (Guizhou) | Placodus inexpectatus (103987) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | Germany | Placodus gigas (131730) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | Switzerland (Kanton Tessin) | Paraplacodus broilii, Cyamodus hildegardensis (86837) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | Italy (Piedmont) | Cyamodus hildegardis (86708) | |
| Middle Triassic | Israel | Placodontidae indet. (28400) | |
| Middle Triassic | Germany (Bayern) | Placodus gigas, Placodus laticeps, Placodus andriani, Placodus pachygnathus, Placodus bathygnathus (105334) | |
| Middle Triassic | Egypt (Shamal Sina) | Psephosaurus rhombifer (75278) Psephosaurus sinaiticus (75279) | |
| Middle Triassic | Spain (Aragón) | Placodontia indet. (74514) | |
| Middle Triassic | Spain (Castilla-La Mancha) | Placodontia indet. (74515 74516) | |
| Middle Triassic | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Cyamodus sp. (39763) | |
| Illyrian - Fassanian | Israel (Negev) | Psephoderma sculptata (196711) | |
| Ladinian | China (Yunnan) | Glyphoderma kangi (119443) | |
| Ladinian | Saudi Arabia | Cyamodontoidea indet. (149547) Cyamodontoidea indet., Psephosauriscus sp. (149548) | |
| Ladinian | Hungary | Cyamodus sp., Placodontia indet. (156151) | |
| Ladinian | France (Grand Est) | Cyamodus sp. (137680) | |
| Ladinian | Germany (Thuringia) | Placodus gigas (138101) | |
| Ladinian | Germany | Cyamodus sp. (138088 138097) Placodus gigas (138096 138131 138132 138133 138139 138140) Placodus gigas, Cyamodus kuhnschnyderi (59927) | |
| Ladinian | Germany (Bavaria) | Placodus sp., Placodus gigas, Cyamodus sp. (138087) | |
| Ladinian | France (Alsace) | Cyamodus kuhnschnyderi (104803) | |
| Ladinian | Poland | Placodus gigas (138138) Placodus gigas, Cyamodus tarnowitzensis (138137) | |
| Ladinian | Germany (Bayern) | Cyamodus sp. (59966) | |
| Ladinian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Cyamodus sp., Placodus gigas (138084) Placodontia indet. (48685) | |
| Fassanian | Israel | Placodus sp. (63949) | |
| Fassanian - Longobardian | Germany (Bayern) | Priscochelys hegnabrunnensis (138884) | |
| Longobardian | Spain (Tarragona) | Cyamodontoidea indet. (109710) | |
| Longobardian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Psephosaurus suevicus (106357) | |
| Longobardian | Turkey | Psephosaurus sp. (120903) | |
| Ladinian - Carnian | Slovenia | Cyamodus sp. (104869) | |
| Carnian | Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) | Placochelys placodonta (36374) | |
| Carnian | Hungary (Bakony) | Placochelys placodonta (138254) | |
| Carnian | Italy (Lombardia) | Placochelys placodonta (37320) | |
| Carnian | Germany | Henodus chelyops (138252) Placodus sp. (206009) | |
| Carnian - Norian | Spain (Guadalajara) | Parahenodus atancensis (196814) | |
| Julian | Italy | Cyamodontoidea indet. (144939) | |
| Julian | Italy (Udine) | Protenodontosaurus italicus (196813) | |
| Tuvalian | China (Guizhou) | Psephochelys polyosteoderma, Sinocyamodus xinpuensis, Cyamodus orientalis (85166) | |
| Norian | Austria (Niederösterreich) | Placochelys sp. (38792) | |
| Alaunian | Italy (Lombardia) | Psephoderma alpinum (36377) | |
| Sevatian | Switzerland (Basel-Landschaft) | Placodontia indet. (47802) | |
| Rhaetian | Germany (Bayern) | Macroplacus raeticus (138253) | |
| Rhaetian | Italy (Lombardia) | Psephoderma alpinum (37321 37322) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom (England) | Placodontia indet. (120898) Psephoderma anglicum (122363) | |
| Rhaetian | Austria | Psephoderma alpinum (195671) | |
| Rhaetian | Germany (Vienna) | Placochelys sp., Psephoderma alpinum, Placochelys stoppanii (189823) | |
| Rhaetian | Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) | Chelyoposuchus crassisquamatus (139485) | |
| Rhaetian | Italy (Lombardy) | Placochelys stoppanii (38121) |