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Procolophon
Taxonomy
Procolophon was named by Owen (1876). It is not extant. Its type is Procolophon trigoniceps. It is the type genus of Procolophonidae.
It was assigned to Procolophonia by Broom (1913); to Procolophoninae by Colbert (1946), Modesto et al. (2002) and Cisneros (2008); and to Procolophonidae by Huene (1939), Kuhn (1966), Colbert and Kitching (1975), Lavina (1983), Carroll and Lindsay (1985), Carroll (1988), Cisneros and Schultz (2002), Modesto and Damiani (2007) and Säilä (2008).
It was assigned to Procolophonia by Broom (1913); to Procolophoninae by Colbert (1946), Modesto et al. (2002) and Cisneros (2008); and to Procolophonidae by Huene (1939), Kuhn (1966), Colbert and Kitching (1975), Lavina (1983), Carroll and Lindsay (1985), Carroll (1988), Cisneros and Schultz (2002), Modesto and Damiani (2007) and Säilä (2008).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1876 | Procolophon Owen |
| 1913 | Procolophon Broom p. 362 |
| 1939 | Procolophon Huene p. 508 |
| 1946 | Procolophon Colbert p. 258 |
| 1966 | Procolophon Kuhn p. 17 |
| 1975 | Procolophon Colbert and Kitching p. 3 |
| 1983 | Procolophon Lavina p. 53 |
| 1985 | Procolophon Carroll and Lindsay p. 1571 |
| 1988 | Procolophon Carroll |
| 2002 | Procolophon Cisneros and Schultz p. 642 |
| 2002 | Procolophon Modesto et al. p. 891 fig. 4 |
| 2007 | Procolophon Modesto and Damiani p. 347 fig. 8 |
| 2008 | Procolophon Cisneros p. 14 |
| 2008 | Procolophon Säilä p. 1202 fig. 4 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Procolophon Owen 1876
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†Procolophon trigoniceps Owen 1876
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Invalid names: Procolophon baini Broom 1905 [synonym], Procolophon brasiliensis Cisneros and Schultz 2002 [synonym], Procolophon cuneiceps Seeley 1878 [synonym], Procolophon griersoni Seeley 1878 [synonym], Procolophon laticeps Seeley 1878 [synonym], Procolophon minor Owen 1876 [synonym], Procolophon platyrhinus Seeley 1905 [synonym], Procolophon pricei Lavina 1983 [synonym], Procolophon sphenorhinus Seeley 1905 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| E. H. Colbert and J. W. Kitching 1975 | Small, advanced cotylosaurs, with deep skull, triangular in shape. Orbits very large and elongated, and pineal opening large; nares almost terminal. Quadrate forward of occiput, with articulation well below level of teeth. Otic notch large; tabular and quadratojugal expanded and spikelike. Palate restricted and with elongate choanae. Lower jaw deep, with strong coronoid and elongated retroarticular process. Four premaxillary teeth and seven maxillary teeth, of which five or six are transversely broad and chisel-shaped. Nine dentary teeth, the last six chisel-like. Postcranial skeleton compact. Neural arches of vertebrae expanded, in cotylosaurian fashion. Ribs essentially single-headed. Girdles strong and limbs comparatively short. Feet broad, with full complements of carpal and tarsal elements. Tail short. | |
| J. C. Cisneros and C. L. Schultz 2002 | (repeated from Colbert & Kitching, 1975) | |
| J. C. Cisneros 2008 | Robust procolophonid with adults possessing six to eight large bicuspidate molariform teeth with mesiodistally-compressed, chisel-like crowns. In Eumetabolodon from China, and Thelerpeton and Teratophon from South Africa, adults may posses a similar number of molariform teeth, roughly comparable in morphology to those of Procolophon. In these taxa, however, molariform teeth are less compressed and more bulbous than in Procolophon […]. In addition, the maxillary tooth row of Procolophon does not increase distally in labio-lingual breadth as in Teratophon and Thelerpeton. Procolophon can also be distinguished from all procolophonids except Thelerpeton by the presence of a single, prominent, posterolaterally directed quadratojugal spine, that does not exceed the orbitotemporal maximum width. Other procolophonids (e.g. Eumetabolodon, Timanophon) possess a single but much smaller, posterolaterally directed quadratojugal spine. Conversely, Teratophon possesses a single spine that greatly exceeds the maximum orbitotemporal width. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range: Olenekian or 251.20000 to 247.20000 Ma
Collections (17 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early/Lower Triassic | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | P. sp. (117176) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | Antarctica | Procolophon indet. (87420) P. trigoniceps (27266 87410 87414) | |
| Induan - Olenekian | Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) | P. pricei (94112) P. sp., P. brasiliensis (93720) P. trigoniceps (99232 99233 99234) | |
| Induan - Olenekian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | P. trigoniceps, P. minor, P. griersoni, P. cuneiceps, P. laticeps (13043) P. trigoniceps, P. platyrhinus, P. sphenorhinus (94309) | |
| Induan - Olenekian | South Africa (Free State) | P. sp. (94365) P. trigoniceps (88282 98602) | |
| Olenekian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | P. sp. (145503) P. trigoniceps (92309) |