PBDB Taxon

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Insectivora (insectivoran)

Mammalia - Insectivora

Taxonomy

Insectivora was named by Bowdich (1821). It is extant.

It was reranked as the unranked clade Insectivora by Cope (1889), Ameghino (1894) and McKenna (1975); it was reranked as the suborder Insectivora by Ameghino (1897); it was corrected as Insectivori by Jaekel (1911).

It was assigned to Bunotheria by Cope (1889); to Eutheria by Flower and Lydekker (1891); to Sarcobora by Ameghino (1894) and Ameghino (1897); to Monodelphia by Hay (1902); to Therictoidea by Gregory (1910); to Mesotheria by Jaekel (1911); to Monodelphia by Hay (1930); to Tokotheria by McKenna (1975); to Archonta by Gunnell (1989); to Mammalia by Leidy (1873) and Shoshani et al. (1989); to Eutheria by Flower (1883), Gadow (1898), Sloan and Van Valen (1965), Novacek et al. (1985), Lillegraven and McKenna (1986) and Nowak (1991); and to Epitheria by Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004).

Subtaxa

Erinaceota, Hyopsodonta, Menotyphla, Myogalidae, Mythomyidae, Proglires, Scalopidae, Tupaiiformes

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1821	Insectivora Bowdich
1873	Insectivora Leidy p. 336
1883	Insectivora Flower p. 186
1889	Insectivora Cope p. 876
1891	Insectivora Flower and Lydekker p. 92
1894	Insectivora Ameghino p. 106
1897	Insectivora Ameghino p. 501
1898	Insectivora Gadow p. 51
1902	Insectivora Hay p. 737
1910	Insectivora Gregory p. 464
1911	Insectivori Jaekel p. 209
1930	Insectivora Hay p. 422
1965	Insectivora Sloan and Van Valen p. 225
1975	Insectivora McKenna p. 42
1985	Insectivora Novacek et al. p. 3
1986	Insectivora Lillegraven and McKenna p. 37
1989	Insectivora Gunnell p. 147
1989	Insectivora Shoshani et al. p. 436
1991	Insectivora Nowak
2004	Insectivora Kielan-Jaworowska et al. pp. 494, 505-506

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
order	Insectivora	Bowdich 1821
order	Insectivora	Bowdich 1821

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Insectivora Bowdich 1821 [insectivoran]

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Subor. †Hyopsodonta Osborn 1910

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Invalid names: Hyopsodontoidae Hay 1930 [empty]

Subor. Menotyphla Haeckel

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Fm. Tupaiidae Gray 1825 [tree shrew]

G. Anathana Lyon 1913

Anathana ellioti Waterhouse 1850

G. Dendrogale Gray 1848

Dendrogale melanura Thomas 1892

Dendrogale murina Schlegel and Mueller 1843

G. †Eodendrogale Tong 1988

†Eodendrogale parvum Tong 1988

G. Ptilocercus Gray 1848 [Pen-tailed tree shrew]

†Ptilocercus kylin Li and Ni 2016

Ptilocercus lowii Gray 1848

Subfm. Tupaiinae Gray 1825

G. †Palaeotupaia Chopra and Vasishat 1979

†Palaeotupaia sivalicus Chopra and Vasishat 1979

G. †Prodendrogale Qiu 1986

†Prodendrogale engesseri Ni and Qiu 2012

†Prodendrogale yunnanica Qiu 1986

G. Tupaia Raffles 1821

Tupaia belangeri Wagner 1841

Tupaia chrysogaster Miller 1903

Tupaia dorsalis Schlegel 1857

Tupaia everetti Thomas 1892

Tupaia glis Dirard 1820

Tupaia gracilis Thomas 1893

Tupaia javanica Horsfield 1822 [Horsfield's treeshrew]

Tupaia longipes Thomas 1893

Tupaia minor Gunther 1876

†Tupaia miocenica Mein and Ginsburg 1997

Tupaia moellendorffi Matschie 1898

Tupaia montana Thomas 1892

Tupaia nicobarica Zelebor 1869

Tupaia palawanensis Thomas 1894

Tupaia picta Thomas 1892

Tupaia splendidula Gray 1865

†Tupaia storchi Ni and Qiu 2012

Tupaia tana Raffles 1821 [large treeshrew]

Invalid names: Cladobates Cuvier 1824 [synonym], Glipora Jentink 1888 [synonym], Glirisorex Scudder 1882 [synonym], Glisorex Desmarest 1822 [synonym], Glisosorex Giebel 1855 [synonym], Hylogale Temminck 1827 [synonym], Hylogalea Muller and Schlegel 1843 [synonym], Lyonogale Conisbee 1913 [synonym], Sorexglis Cuvier and Saint-Hilaire 1821 [synonym], Tana Lyon 1913 [synonym], Urogale Mearns 1905 [synonym]

Invalid names: Cladobatina Bonaparte 1838 [synonym], Glisoricina Pomel 1848 [synonym]

Invalid names: Adapisoriculinae Van Valen 1967 [empty], Ptilocercinae Lyon 1913 [empty]

Invalid names: Erinaceota Van Valen 1967 [empty], Myogalidae [empty], Mythomyidae Dobson 1883 [empty], Proglires Osborn 1902 [empty], Scalopidae [empty], Tillodonti Marsh 1875 [empty], Tupaiiformes [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

insectivoreo

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999 o

Created:

2005-08-26 13:21:55

Modified:

2005-08-26 15:21:55

Source: o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Nowak 1999, Lillegraven 1979

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Campanian to the top of the Holocene or 83.50000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 70.6 Ma

Collections (106 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Campanian	83.5 - 70.6	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Insectivora indet. (37009)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Utah)	Insectivora indet. (14748)
Danian	66.0 - 61.6	USA (North Dakota)	Insectivora indet. (14962)
Torrejonian	63.8 - 60.9	USA (Texas)	Insectivora indet. (14829)
Torrejonian	63.8 - 60.9	USA (New Mexico)	Insectivora indet. (14812)
Torrejonian	63.8 - 60.9	USA (Wyoming)	Diacodon sp. (14886 14912)
Middle Paleocene	61.7 - 58.7	China (Jiangxi)	Insectivora sp. (176612)
Tiffanian	61.7 - 56.8	USA (Wyoming)	Diacodon sp. (15067)
Tiffanian	61.7 - 56.8	USA (North Dakota)	Insectivora indet. (14931)
Late/Upper Paleocene	58.7 - 55.8	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Insectivora indet. (37008)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	United Kingdom (England)	Insectivora indet. (38868)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (North Dakota)	Entomolestes sp. (15895)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (New Mexico)	Leptacodon sp. (15446)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (Colorado)	Insectivora indet. (15885)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (Wyoming)	Diacodon sp. (15892 16028) Insectivora indet. (15673 15683 15723 15842 15886 46684 46697 46707 46735 46768 46776 46793 46817)
Early/Lower Eocene	55.8 - 48.6	USA (Wyoming)	Insectivora indet. (15680)
MP 10	55.8 - 48.6	Spain (Catalonia)	Tillodonta indet. (182236)
Early/Lower Eocene - Middle Eocene	55.8 - 37.71	Japan	Insectivora indet. (183077)
Bridgerian	50.3 - 46.2	USA (Wyoming)	Insectivora indet. (16209 16296 16418) Nyctitheriidae indet. (16438)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Jiangsu)	Insectivora indet. (37493)
Early/Lower Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (California)	Insectivora indet. (16665 16690 16692 16719 16752)
Late/Upper Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Insectivora indet. (16626)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Texas)	Insectivora indet. (16624)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (California)	Insectivora indet. (16530)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Myanmar	Insectivora indet. (41456)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Spain (Barcelona)	Insectivora indet. (182220)
Bartonian - Priabonian	41.3 - 33.9	Algeria	Insectivora indet. (59733)
Duchesnean	39.7 - 37.0	USA (California)	Insectivora indet. (16527)
Duchesnean - Chadronian	39.7 - 33.9	USA (Montana)	Insectivora indet. (16840)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	United Kingdom (England)	Insectivora indet. (39643)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Thailand	Insectivora indet. (49078)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Spain (Baleares)	Insectivora indet. (38804)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Serbia and Montenegro (Pirotska oblast )	Insectivora indet. (196835)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Serbia and Montenegro (Pčinja)	Insectivora indet. (196815)
MP 17A - MP 17B	37.2 - 33.9	United Kingdom (England)	Insectivora indet. (28747)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene	37.2 - 28.4	China (Henan)	Eodendrogale parvum (46197)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	China (Yunnan)	Ptilocercus kylin (175142)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	China (Ningxia)	Insectivora indet. (182895)
Rupelian	33.9 - 28.1	Belgium (Antwerpen)	Insectivora indet. (52047)
Rupelian	33.9 - 28.1	Egypt (Fayum)	Insectivora indet. (60127)
Late/Upper Oligocene	28.4 - 23.03	Pakistan (Baluchistan)	Tupaiidae indet. (179936)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	USA (Florida)	Insectivora indet. (17860)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	Kenya	Insectivora indet. (27855)
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	USA (Texas)	Insectivora indet. (18663)
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	Pakistan (Baluchistan)	Tupaiidae indet. (179933)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	India (Himachal Pradesh)	Tupaiinae indet., Palaeotupaia sivalicus (13452)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	USA (Georgia)	Insectivora indet. (55530)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	Kenya	Insectivora indet. (27856 27858)
Burdigalian - Langhian	20.44 - 13.82	Thailand	Insectivora indet., Tupaia miocenica (48126)
Burdigalian - Serravallian	20.44 - 11.62	Pakistan (Baluchistan)	Tupaiidae indet. (180619)
Hemingfordian	20.43 - 15.97	USA (Wyoming)	Insectivora indet. (18907)
MN 3	20.0 - 16.9	Switzerland (Sankt Gallen)	Insectivora indet. (46214)
MN 4	16.9 - 15.97	Spain (Catalonia)	Insectivora indet. (176265)
Barstovian	16.3 - 12.5	USA (South Dakota)	Insectivora indet. (18303)
Langhian	15.97 - 13.82	Germany (Bayern)	Insectivora indet. (45594)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.62	Slovakia (Bratislava)	Insectivora indet. (58983)
MN 6	13.65 - 12.75	Switzerland (Zürich)	Insectivora indet. (46252 46272)
MN 7 + 8	12.75 - 11.1	Spain	Insectivora indet. (70806)
MN 7 + 8	12.75 - 11.1	Switzerland (Thurgau)	Insectivora indet. (46276)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	China (Yunnan)	Tupaiidae indet., Prodendrogale yunnanica (11798)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene	11.608 - 3.6	Morocco	Insectivora indet. (34366)
MN 9	11.1 - 9.7	Slovakia (Trnava)	Insectivora indet. (69719)
Baodean	11.1 - 4.9	China (Yunnan)	Prodendrogale engesseri, Tupaia storchi (127187)
Turolian	8.7 - 5.333	China (Yunnan)	Tupaiidae indet. (44219 44220 44221 44223 44224)
Turolian - Ruscinian	8.7 - 3.2	Greece (Xanthi)	Insectivora indet. (205296 205297)
MN 14	4.9 - 4.2	France (Laguedoc-Roussillon Region)	Insectivora indet. (37048)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	Pakistan	Tupaia sp. (127346)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Turkey	Insectivora indet. (39314)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	China ( Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region)	Tupaia belangeri (214689)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Italy	Insectivora indet. (96714)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Italy (Sardinia)	Insectivora indet. (92675)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Mexico	Insectivora indet. (71317)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Kenya	Insectivora indet. (21837 21843)
Middle Pleistocene	0.774 - 0.129	Italy (Vicenza)	Insectivora indet. (43666)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Pennsylvania)	Insectivora indet. (104797)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	USA (Texas)	Insectivora indet. (79584)