PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Nesodon

Mammalia - Notoungulata - Toxodontidae

Taxonomy

Nesodon was named by Owen (1846). It is not extant. Its type is Nesodon imbricatus. It is the type genus of Nesodontidae.

It was assigned to Perissodactyla by Owen (1848); to Nesodontidae by Ameghino (1887), Ameghino (1894) and Ameghino (1907); to Toxodontidae by Lydekker (1894) and Carroll (1988); and to Nesodontinae by Croft et al. (2004).

Species

Acrotherium karaikense, Acrotherium rusticum, Acrotherium stygium, N. andium, N. brachycephalus, N. cavifrons, N. imbricatus (syn. Scophotherium cyclops, N. cornutus, Protoxodon obliteratus, Protoxodon speciosus, N. conspurcatus, N. rutimeyeri, Protoxodon evidens, Acrotherium patagonicum, Atryptherium bifurcatum, Nesotherium elegans, Nesotherium carinatum, Protoxodon henseli, Adelphotherium rothi, Adelphotherium trivium, Nesotherium studeri, Adelphotherium lutarium, Nesotherium argentinum, N. oweni, Protoxodon sullivani, N. marmoratus, Protoxodon clemens, Adelphotherium pumilum, Nesotherium nehringi, Acrotherium intermedium, Gronotherium decrepitum, Acrotherium variegatum, Toxodon patagonensis, Adelphotherium ligatum, N. typicus, Nesotherium rufum, Adelphotherium repandum) (type species), N. limitatum, N. taweretus

Synonyms

Acrotherium was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon by Lydekker (1894).

It was assigned to Nesodontidae by Ameghino (1894).
Adelphotherium was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nesodon by Lydekker (1894).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1846	Nesodon Owen
1848	Nesodon Owen p. 139
1887	Acrotherium Ameghino
1887	Adelphotherium Ameghino p. 22
1887	Nesodon Ameghino p. 59
1894	Nesodon Ameghino p. 21
1894	Acrotherium Ameghino p. 25
1894	Nesodon Lydekker p. 25
1907	Nesodon Ameghino p. 89
1988	Nesodon Carroll
2004	Nesodon Croft et al. p. 4

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Afrotheria	Stanhope et al. 1998
—	Paenungulatomorpha
—	Paenungulata	Simpson 1945
—	Sudamericungulata
order	Notoungulata
suborder	Toxodontia	Ameghino 1887
—	Eutoxodontia
family	Toxodontidae
subfamily	Nesodontinae	(Murray 1866)
genus	Nesodon	Owen 1846

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Nesodon Owen 1846

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†Nesodon andium Ameghino 1891

†Nesodon brachycephalus Ameghino 1894

†Nesodon cavifrons Ameghino 1894

†Nesodon imbricatus Owen 1846

Invalid names: Acrotherium intermedium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Acrotherium variegatum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium ligatum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium lutarium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium pumilum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium repandum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium rothi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium trivium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Gronotherium decrepitum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon conspurcatus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon cornutus Scott 1912 [synonym], Nesodon marmoratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon oweni Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon typicus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium argentinum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium nehringi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium rufum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium studeri Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon clemens Fernández and Muñoz 2019 [synonym], Protoxodon henseli Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon obliteratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Protoxodon speciosus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon sullivani Owen 1846 [synonym], Scophotherium cyclops Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Toxodon patagonensis Ameghino 1887 [synonym]

†Nesodon limitatum Mercerat 1891

†Nesodon taweretus Forasiepi et al. 2015

Invalid names: Acrotherium Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium Ameghino 1887 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Maximum body mass:

554.61 kgg

Minimum body mass:

554.61 kgg

Body mass estimate:

554.61 kg

Body mass source:

publishedg

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

scansorialsubc

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2013-04-14 01:31:11

Modified:

2013-04-13 10:31:11

Source: g = genus, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, MacFadden et al. 1996, Carroll 1988, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, Lillegraven 1979

Age range: base of the Deseadan to the top of the Burdigalian or 29.00000 to 15.97000 Ma

Collections (37 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Deseadan	29.0 - 21.0	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	N. sp. (50074)
Colhuehuapian	21.0 - 17.5	Argentina (Mendoza)	N. taweretus (198588) Nesodontinae indet. (189519)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	Chile (Aisén)	N. sp. (71843)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	Chile (Magallanes)	N. sp. (204203)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Chile (Araucanía)	N. imbricatus (212330)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Argentina (San Juan)	N. conspurcatus (197900)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Chile (Araucania)	N. conspurcatus (144463)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	N. imbricatus (176576 176581 176583 176585 176591 176602 176641 204358) N. imbricatus, N. sp. (142533) N. sp. (87314 142529 176571 176590 176600 176601 176622 176623 176625 206235 206237 210154 210638) N. sp., N. cornutus (210153) N. sp., N. imbricatus (27313 176578 210787) Protoxodon marmoratus (176593)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Chile	N. imbricatus (103804)
Friasian	16.3 - 15.5	Chile	N. sp. (176666)