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Pareiasauria
Taxonomy
Pareiasauria was named by Seeley (1888) [Whether this taxon is extinct or not depends on exlusion or inclusion of turtles, respectively.]. It is not extant. It was considered monophyletic by Lee (1995) and Laurin and Reisz (1995).
It was synonymized subjectively with Cotylosauria by Osborn (1903) and Osborn (1904); it was reranked as the order Pareiasauri by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the order Pareiasauria by Perrier (1928) and Huene (1954); it was replaced with Pareiasauriformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the infraorder Pareiasauria by Haughton and Brink (1954); it was reranked as the unranked clade Pareiasauria by Lee (1995) and Laurin and Reisz (1995).
It was assigned to Anomodontia by Seeley (1888); to Theromorpha by Zittel (1890); to Therosuchia by Seeley (1895); to Cotylosauria by Jaekel (1911); to Cotylosauria by Case (1911); to Cotylosauria by Broom (1913); to Theromorpha by Gadow (1898) and Perrier (1928); to Diadecta by Olson (1947); to Diadectimorpha by Haughton and Brink (1954); to Reptiliomorphoidea by Huene (1954); to Anapsida by Olson (1966); to Diadectomorpha by Kuhn (1966); to Parareptilia by Olson (1962) and Gauthier et al. (1988); to Amniota by Gauthier et al. (1989); to Procolophonia by Laurin and Reisz (1995); to Pareiasauroidea by Lee (1995); and to Reptilia by Lee (2000).
It was synonymized subjectively with Cotylosauria by Osborn (1903) and Osborn (1904); it was reranked as the order Pareiasauri by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the order Pareiasauria by Perrier (1928) and Huene (1954); it was replaced with Pareiasauriformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the infraorder Pareiasauria by Haughton and Brink (1954); it was reranked as the unranked clade Pareiasauria by Lee (1995) and Laurin and Reisz (1995).
It was assigned to Anomodontia by Seeley (1888); to Theromorpha by Zittel (1890); to Therosuchia by Seeley (1895); to Cotylosauria by Jaekel (1911); to Cotylosauria by Case (1911); to Cotylosauria by Broom (1913); to Theromorpha by Gadow (1898) and Perrier (1928); to Diadecta by Olson (1947); to Diadectimorpha by Haughton and Brink (1954); to Reptiliomorphoidea by Huene (1954); to Anapsida by Olson (1966); to Diadectomorpha by Kuhn (1966); to Parareptilia by Olson (1962) and Gauthier et al. (1988); to Amniota by Gauthier et al. (1989); to Procolophonia by Laurin and Reisz (1995); to Pareiasauroidea by Lee (1995); and to Reptilia by Lee (2000).
Subtaxa
Anthodon, Arganaceras, Bradysauridae, Bradysaurus (syn. Platyoropha, Bradysuchus), Bunostegos, Elginiidae, Embrithosaurus, Koalemasaurus, Nanoparia, Nochelesaurus (syn. Dolichopareia), Pachypes, Parasaurus, Pareiasauridae, Pareiasaurus (syn. Propappus, Brachypareia), Pareiasaurus acutirostris, Pareiasaurus bombidens, Pareiasaurus russouwi, Pareiasaurus steenkampensis, Pareiasaurus strubeni, Pareiasuchus, Pumiliopareia, Rhipaeosauridae, Zhongjiania (syn. Honania, Taihangshania, Tsiyuania)
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1876 | Pareiasaurus bombidens Owen |
1888 | Pareiasauria Seeley p. 106 |
1890 | Pareiosauria Zittel p. 449 |
1892 | Pareiasaurus russouwi Seeley |
1895 | Pareiasauria Seeley |
1898 | Pareiosauri Gadow p. 18 |
1908 | Pareiasaurus steenkampensis Seeley |
1911 | Pareiasauria Case p. 9 |
1911 | Pareiasauri Jaekel p. 122 |
1913 | Pareiasauria Broom |
1913 | Pareiasaurus acutirostris Broom |
1913 | Pareiasaurus bombidens Broom |
1913 | Pareiasaurus russouwi Broom |
1924 | Pareiasaurus strubeni Broom |
1928 | Pareiasauria Perrier p. 3118 |
1929 | Koalemasaurus Haughton and Boonstra |
1929 | Koalemasaurus acutirostris Haughton and Boonstra |
1929 | Nochelesaurus strubeni Haughton and Boonstra p. 83 |
1947 | Pareiasauria Olson pp. 44, 45 |
1954 | Pareiasauria Haughton and Brink p. 3 |
1954 | Pareiasauria Huene p. 21 |
1962 | Pareiasauria Olson |
1966 | Pareiasauria Kuhn p. 17 |
1966 | Pareiasauria Olson p. 301 |
1988 | Pareiasauria Gauthier et al. p. 139 fig. 4.4 |
1989 | Pareiasauria Gauthier et al. p. 340 |
1995 | Pareiasauria Laurin and Reisz p. 172 |
1995 | Pareiasauria Lee pp. 508, 515 fig. 22 |
2000 | Pareiasauria Lee p. 71 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. †Pareiasauria Seeley 1888
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G. †Anthodon Owen 1876
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†Anthodon serrarius Owen 1876
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Invalid names: Anthodon minusculus Haughton 1932 [synonym], Propappus parvus Haughton 1913 [synonym]
G. †Bradysaurus Watson 1914
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†Bradysaurus baini Seeley 1892
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Invalid names: Platyoropha broomi Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [synonym]
†Bradysaurus seeleyi Haughton and Boonstra 1929
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Invalid names: Bradysaurus vanderbyli Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [synonym]
Invalid names: Bradysaurus whaitsi Broom 1914 [nomen dubium], Bradysuchus Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [synonym], Platyoropha Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [synonym]
Fm. †Elginiidae Cope 1896
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G. †Nochelesaurus Haughton and Boonstra 1929
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†Nochelesaurus alexanderi Haughton and Boonstra 1929
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Invalid names: Brachypareia watsoni Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [synonym], Dolichopareia angusta Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dolichopareia Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [synonym]
Fm. †Pareiasauridae Lydekker 1889
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G. †Deltavjatia Lebedev 1987
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†Deltavjatia rossicus Hartmann-Weinberg 1937
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Invalid names: Pareiasuchus vjatkensis Hartmann-Weinberg 1937 [synonym]
G. †Scutosaurus Hartmann-Weinberg 1930
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†Scutosaurus karpinskii Amalitzky 1922
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Invalid names: Pareiosaurus elegans Amalitzky 1922 [synonym], Pareiosaurus horridus Amalitzky 1922 [synonym], Pareiosaurus tuberculatus Amalitzky 1922 [synonym], Proelginia permiana Hartmann-Weinberg 1937 [synonym], Scutosaurus itelensis Ivakhnenko 1987 [synonym]
Invalid names: Proelginia Hartmann-Weinberg 1937 [synonym]
G. †Shihtienfenia Young and Yeh 1963
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†Shihtienfenia permica Young and Yeh 1963
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Invalid names: Huanghesaurus liulinensis Gao 1983 [synonym], Shansisaurus xuecunensis Cheng 1980 [synonym]
Invalid names: Huanghesaurus Gao 1983 [synonym], Shansisaurus Cheng 1980 [synonym]
G. †Pareiasaurus Owen 1876
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†Pareiasaurus serridens Owen
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Invalid names: Anthodon gregoryi Broom 1930 [synonym], Anthodon nesemanni Broom 1940 [synonym], Pareiasaurus minor Seeley 1892 [synonym], Pareiasaurus pinnatus Olson and Broom 1937 [synonym], Pareiasaurus rubidgei Broom 1940 [synonym], Propappus omocratus Seeley [synonym], Propappus rogersi Broom 1912 [synonym]
†Pareiasaurus whaitsi Broom 1914
Invalid names: Brachypareia Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [synonym], Pareiasaurus henneni Case 1917 [nomen dubium], Propappus Seeley 1888 [synonym]
G. †Pareiasuchus Broom and Haughton 1913
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†Pareiasuchus nasicornis Haughton and Boonstra 1929
†Pareiasuchus peringueyi Broom and Haughton 1913
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Invalid names: Pareiasaurus pulcher Broom 1935 [synonym]
Invalid names: Bradysauridae von Huene 1948 [empty], Koalemasaurus Haughton and Boonstra 1929 [nomen dubium], Pareiasaurus acutirostris Broom 1913 [nomen dubium], Pareiasaurus bombidens Owen 1876 [nomen vanum], Pareiasaurus russouwi Seeley 1892 [nomen dubium], Pareiasaurus steenkampensis Seeley 1908 [nomen dubium], Pareiasaurus strubeni Broom 1924 [nomen dubium], Rhipaeosauridae Chudinov 1955 [empty]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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H. G. Seeley 1895 | Temporal vacuities of the skull roofed over as in Chelone; a large single (concave) occipital condyle; sphenoidal region short; transverse palatine processes directed out and forward. Teeth conical or with compressed cuspidate crowns, not divided into incisors, canines and molares. Ribs with the heads deep and occasionally divided. | |
E. Perrier 1928 | Crâne complètement revêtu d'os dermiques, laissant seulement libres les narines, les orbites, le trou interpariétal. Dents petites, en séries uniformes sur les deux mâchoires. Grands animaux trapus, ayant l'aspect d'immenses grenouilles pourvues d'une courte queue. |