PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Torvosaurus

Reptilia - Megalosauridae

Taxonomy

Torvosaurus was named by Galton and Jensen (1979). It is the type genus of Torvosauroidea.

It was assigned to Carnosauria by Molnar et al. (1990); to Megalosauroidea by Holtz (1995); to Megalosaurinidae by Holtz (1996); to Tetanurae by Holtz (1994), Holtz (2000) and Carrano et al. (2002); to Spinosauroidea by Rauhut (2003) and Yates (2005); to Torvosauridae by Kurzanov (1989), Sereno et al. (1994), Molnar et al. (1996), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno et al. (1998) and Mateus et al. (2006); to Megalosaurinae by Holtz et al. (2004), Carrano et al. (2012), Rauhut et al. (2016) and Rauhut et al. (2018); and to Megalosauridae by Galton and Jensen (1979), McIntosh (1981), Russell (1984), Carroll (1988), Miller et al. (1991), Bakker et al. (1992), Novas (1992), Currie and Zhao (1994), Chure et al. (2006), Benson and Barrett (2009), Hanson and Makovicky (2013), Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), Cobos et al. (2014) and Brougham et al. (2019).

Species

Megalosaurus ingens, T. gurneyi, T. tanneri (syn. Edmarka rex)

Synonyms

Edmarka was named by Bakker et al. (1992).

It was synonymized subjectively with Torvosaurus by Foster and Chure (2000), Holtz et al. (2004) and Hanson and Makovicky (2013).

It was assigned to Megalosaurinidae by Bakker et al. (1992) and Currie and Zhao (1994).
Megalosaurus ingens was named by Janensch (1920). Its type specimen is MB.R1050, a tooth, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Tendaguru Quarry B, which is in a Tithonian estuary/bay marl in the Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania.

It was recombined as Ceratosaurus ingens by Paul (1988); it was considered a nomen dubium by Rowe and Gauthier (1990), Holtz et al. (2004), Rauhut (2011), Carrano et al. (2012) and Soto et al. (2020).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1920	Megalosaurus ingens Janensch
1925	Megalosaurus ingens Janensch pp. 90-91
1939	Megalosaurus ingens Kuhn p. 71
1943	Megalosaurus ingens Lapparent p. 11
1970	Megalosaurus ingens Steel p. 35
1979	Torvosaurus Galton and Jensen p. 1
1981	Torvosaurus McIntosh p. 8
1982	Megalosaurus ingens Santafé et al. p. 84
1984	Megalosaurus ingens Buscalioni and Sanz p. 12
1984	Torvosaurus Russell p. 22
1986	Megalosaurus ingens Chabli p. 70
1988	Torvosaurus Carroll
1988	Ceratosaurus ingens Paul p. 278
1989	Torvosaurus Kurzanov p. 4
1990	Torvosaurus Molnar et al. p. 192
1991	Torvosaurus Miller et al. p. 40
1992	Edmarka Bakker et al. p. 2
1992	Torvosaurus Bakker et al. p. 3
1992	Torvosaurus Novas p. 140
1994	Edmarka Currie and Zhao
1994	Torvosaurus Currie and Zhao
1994	Torvosaurus Holtz
1994	Torvosaurus Sereno et al. p. 270
1995	Torvosaurus Holtz, Jr. p. 35A
1996	Torvosaurus Holtz, Jr. p. 42A
1996	Torvosaurus Molnar et al. p. 671
1997	Torvosaurus Sereno p. 456
1998	Torvosaurus Sereno p. 64
1998	Torvosaurus Sereno et al.
2000	Torvosaurus Holtz, Jr. p. 13 fig. 5
2002	Torvosaurus Carrano et al.
2003	Torvosaurus Rauhut p. 146
2004	Torvosaurus Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 72
2005	Torvosaurus Yates p. 118 fig. 9
2006	Torvosaurus Chure et al. p. 236
2006	Torvosaurus Mateus et al. p. 127
2009	Torvosaurus Benson and Barrett p. 140
2012	Torvosaurus Carrano et al. p. 248 fig. 7
2013	Torvosaurus Hanson and Makovicky p. 775
2014	Torvosaurus Cobos et al. p. 39
2014	Torvosaurus Hendrickx and Mateus
2016	Torvosaurus Rauhut et al. p. 38
2018	Torvosaurus Rauhut et al. p. 18
2019	Torvosaurus Brougham et al. p. 13

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
superfamily	Megalosauroidea	()
family	Megalosauridae	()
subfamily	Megalosaurinae
genus	Torvosaurus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Torvosaurus Galton and Jensen 1979

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†Torvosaurus gurneyi Hendrickx and Mateus 2014

†Torvosaurus tanneri Galton and Jensen 1979

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Invalid names: Edmarka rex Bakker et al. 1992 [synonym]

Invalid names: Edmarka Bakker et al. 1992 [synonym], Megalosaurus ingens Janensch 1920 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
R. T. Bakker et al. 1992 (Edmarka)	Diagnosis for genus and species: Closest to Torvosaurus tanneri but differs in retaining the primitive condition of a jugal that is thin medial-laterally, relatively longer and lower in lateral view, and with an orbital margin that is wider front-to-back. Further differs in the derived character of a much wider postorbital process on the jugal, with an enlarged, recessed facet on the outer surface for an expanded ventral ramus of the postorbital.
C. Hendrickx and O. Mateus 2014	Megalosauroid theropod with very shallow maxillary fossa (i.e., maxillary fossa forming a poorly delimited concavity in the anterior corner of the lateral antorbital fossa) [61], protuberant ridge below the maxillary fossa, in the ventral part of the anterior corner of the lateral antorbital fossa, interdental wall making up one-half the medial surface of the maxillary body (modified from [27]), expanded fossae in posterior dorsal and anterior caudal centra forming enlarged and deep pneumatic openings [61], highly ossified puboischiadic plate [61], and distal expansion of ischium with prominent lateral midline crest and oval outline in lateral view [61].