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Equini (horse)
Taxonomy
Equini was named by Quinn (1955). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Hulbert (1988) and Prado and Alberdi (1996) and MacFadden (1998).
It was assigned to Equidae by Quinn (1957) and Hulbert (1988); and to Equinae by Lance (1950), Quinn (1955), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Baskin (1991), Kelly (1995), Prado and Alberdi (1996), MacFadden (1998), Alberdi et al. (2014), Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. (2014) and Dos Santos Avilla et al. (2015).
It was assigned to Equidae by Quinn (1957) and Hulbert (1988); and to Equinae by Lance (1950), Quinn (1955), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Baskin (1991), Kelly (1995), Prado and Alberdi (1996), MacFadden (1998), Alberdi et al. (2014), Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. (2014) and Dos Santos Avilla et al. (2015).
Subtaxa
Allohippus, Boreohippidion, Calippus, Dinohippus, Equus (syn. Tomolabis, Haringtonhippus, Hippotigris, Kraterohippus, Neohippus, Sterrohippus, Dolichohippus, Equus (Grevya), Equus (Megacephalon), Equus (Ludolphozecora), Asinus, Allozebra, Onager, Kolpohippus), Heteropliohippus, Hippidion (syn. Parahipparion, Onohippidium, Onohippidion), Parapliohippus, Plesippus, Pliohippina, Pliohippus, Protohippina, Protohippus (syn. Eoequus)
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1950 | Equini Lance |
| 1955 | Equini Quinn p. 42 |
| 1957 | Equini Quinn p. 10 |
| 1988 | Equini Hulbert, Jr. |
| 1989 | Equini Prothero and Schoch p. 532 |
| 1991 | Equini Baskin p. 999 |
| 1995 | Equini Kelly p. 3 |
| 1996 | Equini Prado and Alberdi p. 676 |
| 1998 | Equini MacFadden p. 549 |
| 2014 | Equini Alberdi et al. |
| 2014 | Equini Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. p. 204 |
| 2015 | Equini Dos Santos Avilla et al. pp. 925909-3 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Tr. Equini Quinn 1955 [horse]
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G. †Boreohippidion Dos Santos Avilla et al. 2015
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†Boreohippidion galushai MacFadden and Skinner 1979
G. †Calippus Matthew and Stirton 1930
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Subg. †Calippus (Calippus) Matthew and Stirton 1930
Subg. †Calippus (Grammohippus) Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus cerasinus Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus circulus Quinn 1955
†Calippus elachistus Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Calippus maccartyi Hulbert, Jr. 1988
G. †Dinohippus Quinn 1955
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†Dinohippus interpolatus Cope 1893
†Dinohippus leardi Drescher 1941
†Dinohippus mexicanus Lance 1950
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Invalid names: Equus (Dolichohippus) mesamexicanus Mooser 1973 [synonym], Hippotigris ocotensis Mooser 1958 [synonym], Protohippus muelleri Mooser 1964 [synonym]
†Dinohippus osborni Frick 1921
†Dinohippus spectans Cope 1880
†Dinohippus subvenus Quinn 1955
G. Equus Linnaeus 1758 [horse]
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†Equus (Asinus) cumminsi Cope 1893
Subg. †Equus (Hesperohippus) Hibbard 1955
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†Equus (Hesperohippus) mexicanus Hibbard 1955
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Invalid names: Equus midlandensis Quinn 1957 [synonym], Onager oviedoi Mooser 1959 [synonym]
Equus africanus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [African wild ass]
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Equus africanus africanus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [Nubian wild ass]
Equus africanus somaliensis Noack 1884 [Somali wild ass]
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Invalid names: Equus africanus somalicus Sclater 1884 [synonym]
Invalid names: Equus asinus aethiopicus Denman 1957 [synonym]
Equus asinus Linnaeus 1758 [donkey]
†Equus australis Moreno 1888
Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758 [horse]
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Equus caballus ferus Boddaert 1785
Invalid names: Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus Lund 1840 [synonym], Equus hippagrus Smith 1841 [synonym]
†Equus calobatus Troxell 1915
†Equus capensis Broom 1909
†Equus cedralensis Alberdi et al. 2014
†Equus coliemensis Lazarev 1980
†Equus complicatus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Equus americanus Leidy 1847 [replaced], Equus eous Cope 1895 [synonym], Equus major DeKay 1842 [synonym]
†Equus conversidens Owen 1869
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Invalid names: Equus barcenaei Cope 1884 [synonym], Onager zoyatalis Mooser 1959 [synonym]
†Equus eisenmannae Qiu et al. 2004
†Equus excelsus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Asinus aguascalentensis Mooser 1959 [synonym], Onager arellanoi Mooser 1959 [synonym], Onager hibbardi Mooser 1959 [synonym]
†Equus francisci Hay 1915
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Invalid names: Equus (Asinus) calobatus Troxell 1915 [synonym], Equus arrelanoi Mooser 1958 [synonym], Equus quinni Slaughter et al. 1962 [synonym]
†Equus fraternus Leidy 1858
†Equus fromanius Repenning et al. 1995
†Equus giganteus Gidley 1901
†Equus holmesi Hay 1920
†Equus intermedius Cope 1895
†Equus jubatus Hay 1927
†Equus laurentius Hay 1913
†Equus mexicanus Hibbard 1955
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Invalid names: Equus occidentalis Leidy 1865 [synonym], Equus pacificus Leidy 1868 [synonym], Equus scotti Gidley 1900 [synonym]
†Equus nalaikhaensis Kuznetsova and Zhegallo 1996
†Equus nearcticus Blake 1863
†Equus nevadanus Hay 1927
†Equus niobrarensis alaskae Winans 1989
†Equus nobisi Pichardo 2004
†Equus pectinatus Cope 1901
Equus przewalskii Poliakov 1881 [Przewalski's horse]
Equus quagga Boddaert 1785 [plains zebra]
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Equus quagga borensis Lönnberg 1922
Equus quagga burchelli Gray 1824 [Burchell's zebra]
Equus quagga chapmani Layard 1865
Equus quagga crawshayi De Winton 1896
Equus quagga quagga Boddaert 1785
Equus quagga boehmi Matschie 1892
†Equus sanmeniensis Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
†Equus santaeelenae Spillmann 1938
†Equus sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1849
†Equus tabeti Arambourg 1970
†Equus yunnanensis Colbert 1940
Equus zebra Linnaeus 1758 [mountain zebra]
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Equus zebra hartmannae Matschie 1898 [Hartmann's mountain zebra]
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Invalid names: Equus matschiei Zukowsky 1924 [synonym], Equus penricei Thomas 1900 [synonym]
Equus zebra zebra Linnaeus 1758 [Cape mountain zebra]
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Invalid names: Equus campestris Gray 1852 [synonym], Equus indica Trouessart 1898 [synonym], Equus montanus Burchell 1822 [synonym]
Invalid names: Equus zebra frederici Trouessart 1905 [synonym]
Invalid names: Allozebra Trumler 1961 [synonym], Asinus Gray 1822 [synonym], Asinus africanus aegyptiacus Heuglin and Fitzinger 1866 [synonym], Asinus asinus dianae Dollman 1935 [synonym], Dolichohippus Heller 1912 [synonym], Equus (Amerhippus) Hoffstetter 1950 [invalid subgroup], Equus (Parastilidequus) Mooser and Dalquest 1975 [invalid subgroup], Equus leidyi Hay 1913 [nomen vanum], Equus parastylidens Mooser 1959 [nomen dubium], Equus semiplicatus Cope 1893 [nomen dubium], Equus taeniopus Heuglin 1861 [nomen dubium], Haringtonhippus Heintzman et al. 2017 [synonym], Hippotherium princeps Leidy 1890 [nomen dubium], Hippotigris Hamilton-Smith 1841 [synonym], Kolpohippus van Hoepen 1930 [synonym], Kraterohippus van Hoepen 1930 [synonym], Neohippus Abel 1913 [synonym], Onager Brisson 1762 [synonym], Sterrohippus van Hopen 1930 [synonym], Tomolabis Cope 1892 [synonym]
G. †Hippidion Owen 1869
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†Hippidion angulatus Ameghino 1889
†Hippidion saldiasi Roth 1899
†Hippidium bonaerense Ameghino 1907
†Hippidium entrerianum Ameghino 1886
Invalid names: Onohippidium Moreno 1891 [synonym], Parahipparion Ameghino 1904 [synonym]
G. †Parapliohippus Kelly 1995
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†Parapliohippus carrizoensis Dougherty 1940
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Invalid names: Merychippus tehachapiensis Buwalda and Lewis 1955 [synonym]
G. †Plesippus Matthew 1924
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†Equus (Plesippus) crenidens Cope 1884
†Plesippus francescana Frick 1921
†Plesippus idahoensis Merriam 1918
†Plesippus simplicidens Cope 1892
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Invalid names: Equus achates Hay and Cook 1930 [synonym], Equus pons Quinn 1958 [synonym], Equus shoshonensis Gidley 1930 [synonym], Equus tau Owen 1869 [synonym]
Subtr. Pliohippina Prado and Alberdi 1996
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G. †Pliohippus Marsh 1874
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†Pliohippus bakeri Azzaroli 1988
†Pliohippus coalingensis Merriam 1914
†Pliohippus nobilis Osborn 1918
†Pliohippus pernix Marsh 1874
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Invalid names: Pliohippus lullianus Troxell 1916 [synonym], Pliohippus robustus Marsh 1874 [synonym]
†Pliohippus potosinus Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. 2014
†Pliohippus proversus Merriam 1916
†Pliohippus tehonensis Merriam 1915
Invalid names: Pliohippus gracilis Marsh 1892 [nomen dubium]
G. †Protohippus Leidy 1858
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Subg. †Protohippus (Calippus) Matthew and Stirton 1930
†Protohippus gidleyi Hulbert, Jr. 1988
†Protohippus parvulus Marsh 1868
†Protohippus perditus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Eoequus wilsoni Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus profectus Cope 1889 [synonym]
†Protohippus perditus secundus Osborn 1918
†Protohippus supremus Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Hippotigris clarendonensis Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris parastylus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris sellardsi Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus simus Gidley 1906 [synonym]
†Protohippus tantalus Merriam 1913
†Protohippus vetus Quinn 1955
Invalid names: Eoequus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus medius Cope 1892 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Protohippina Quinn 1955 [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| J. H. Quinn 1955 | Upper teeth with heavy styles and deep valleys; pli protoloph usually present; protocones elongate, usually grooved and heeled, connected to protoselene throughout in late forms, partly unconnected in early forms; hypo- conal groove open or nearly so; lower teeth flattened transverse! y; parastylid present in early forms, lost in late forms; pli caballinid on any or all lower cheek teeth when present. |