Swartkrans - Member 1: Early/Lower Pleistocene, South Africa

List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
unclassified
Chyrsochloridae indet.
49 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Dendromurinae
Dendromys cf. antiquus
5 individuals
Amphibia
Amphibia indet. Linnaeus 1758
75 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: frog/toad
Reptilia
Reptilia indet. Laurenti 1768
2 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Lacertilia
Reptilia indet. Laurenti 1768
11 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Reptilia
Reptilia indet. Laurenti 1768
26 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Chelonia
Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758
214 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves
Reptilia - Ciconiiformes - Plataleidae
Plataleidae indet. Bonaparte 1838
2 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: ibis
Reptilia - Phasianidae
Phasianidae indet. Horsfield 1821
ETE occurrence; species: Francolin
Mammalia
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758
98 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Mammalia
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758
141 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Carnivora
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758
11 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hyracoidea
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758
74 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Lagomorpha
Mammalia - Chrysochloridae
Amblysomus spelea
ETE occurrence; species: subgen.Chlorotalpa
Mammalia - Macroscelidea - Macroscelididae
Elephantulus sp. Thomas and Schwann 1906
12 individuals
Elephantulus langi
4 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: subgen.Elephantomys
Elephantulus cf. brachyrhynchus Smith 1834
2 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: mak - subgenus name taken from unique name field
Mammalia - Tubulidentata - Orycteropodidae
Orycteropus afer (Pallas 1766)
1 specimen
Mammalia - Hyracoidea - Procaviidae
Procavia antiqua Broom 1934
242 specimens
Procavia transvaalensis Shaw 1937
66 specimens
Mammalia - Proboscidea - Elephantidae
cf. Elephas sp. Linnaeus 1758
3 specimens
Mammalia - Primates - Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecidae indet. Gray 1821
8 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: papionid
Cercopithecidae indet. Gray 1821
287 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Cercopithecidae
cf. Cercopithecoides sp. Mollett 1947
1 specimen
Parapapio jonesi Broom 1940
28 specimens
Papio robinsoni Freedman 1957
119 specimens
Theropithecus oswaldi (Andrews 1916)
1 specimen
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: danieli
Papio (Dinopithecus) ingens Broom 1937
Mammalia - Primates - Hominidae
Hominidae indet. Gray 1825
15 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hominidae
Australopithecus robustus Broom 1938
1 specimen
recombined as Paranthropus robustus
Homo sp. Linnaeus 1758
2 specimens
Mammalia - Rodentia - Muridae
Steatomys cf. pratensis Peters 1846
2 individuals
Lemniscomys sp. Trouessart 1881
5 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: sp.nov.-Swartkrans
Mus cf. minutoides
16 individuals
Mus cf. triton
1 individual
Tatera sp. Lataste 1882
6 individuals
Tatera robinsoni
3 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: sp.nov.-Swartkrans
Dasymys cf. bolti
1 individual
Otomys gracilis
9 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: subgen.Palaeotomys
Mammalia - Rodentia - Cricetidae
Cricetidae indet. Fischer von Waldheim 1817
47 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Rodenta/Myomorpha
Mammalia - Rodentia - Nesomyidae
Malacothrix cf. typica
2 individuals
Mystromys sp. Wagner 1841
57 individuals
Mystromys hausleitneri
24 individuals
Mammalia - Rodentia - Castoridae
cf. Palaeomys gracilis
23 individuals
Mammalia - Rodentia - Pedetidae
Pedetes sp. Illiger 1811
5 specimens
Mammalia - Rodentia - Bathyergidae
Cryptomys robertsi
2 individuals
Cryptomys sp. Gray 1964
5 individuals
Mammalia - Rodentia - Hystricidae
Hystrix cf. makapanensis
1 specimen
Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters 1852
19 specimens
Mammalia - Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Lepus sp. Linnaeus 1758
1 individual
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: sp.nov.-Swartkrans
Mammalia - Soricidae
Soricidae indet. Fischer 1814
50 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Soricidae
Mammalia - Carnivora - Mustelidae
Aonyx capensis (Schinz 1821)
6 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Herpestidae
Herpestes ichneumon (Linnaeus 1758)
2 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Hyaenidae indet. Gray 1821
37 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hyaenidae
Hyaenictis forfex
3 specimens
Proteles sp. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1824
2 specimens
Proteles transvaalensis Hendey 1974
2 specimens
Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955
3 specimens
Euryboas nitidula
5 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: A-Swartkrans(prim)
    = Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955
McKenna and Bell 1997
Euryboas nitidula
9 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: B-Swartkrans(Adv)
    = Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955
McKenna and Bell 1997
Euryboas nitidula
4 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: uncertain_Swartkrans
    = Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955
McKenna and Bell 1997
Hyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820
1 specimen
    = Parahyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820
Werdelin and Turner 1996
Hyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820
7 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: dispar
    = Parahyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820
Werdelin and Turner 1996
Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben 1777)
8 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: ultra
Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben 1777)
2 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: venustula
Mammalia - Carnivora - Viverridae
Viverridae indet. Gray 1821
5 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: mongoose
Mammalia - Carnivora - Felidae
Megantereon sp. Croizet and Jobert 1828
1 specimen
Dinofelis sp. Zdansky 1924
4 specimens
Felis serval Schreber 1776
1 specimen
recombined as Caracal serval
Felis caracal Schreber 1776
1 specimen
recombined as Caracal caracal
Panthera leo (Linnaeus 1758)
2 specimens
Panthera pardus (Linnaeus 1758)
77 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae
Canidae indet. Fischer de Waldheim 1817
6 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: canidae
Canis cf. mesomelas Schreber 1775
55 specimens
recombined as Lupulella mesomelas
Canis mesomelas Schreber 1775
9 specimens
recombined as Lupulella mesomelas
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: pappos
Vulpes pulcher
2 specimens
Mammalia - Bovidae
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
12 individuals
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Murinae
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
94 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: alcelaphine-med.
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
103 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size I
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
602 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae Size II
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
661 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae Size III
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
47 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae Size IV
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
4 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Antil./Neotragini
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
18 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: alcelaphine
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
2660 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae
cf. Gazella sp. Blaineville 1816
17 specimens
Rabaticeras porrocornutus
2 specimens
synonym of Numidocapra
cf. Megalotragus sp. van Hoepen 1932
8 specimens
Beatragus sp. Heller 1912
13 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or Alcelaphus
Connochaetes sp. (Lichtenstein 1812)
54 specimens
cf. Connochaetes sp. (Lichtenstein 1812)
70 specimens
Damaliscus sp. Sclater and Thomas 1894
15 specimens
Damaliscus sp. Sclater and Thomas 1894
8 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: 121-Swartkrans
Antidorcas sp. Sundevall 1847
2 specimens
Antidorcas australis (Hendey and Hendey 1968)
22 specimens
original and current combination Antidorcas marsupialis australis
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or marsupialis
Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg 1811)
4 specimens
original and current combination Antilope campestris
Oreotragus cf. major
1 specimen
Oreotragus oreotragus (Zimmermann 1783)
1 specimen
Redunca cf. arundinum (Boddaert 1785)
1 specimen
original and current combination Antilope arundinum
Pelea cf. capreolus (Forster 1790)
2 specimens
original and current combination Antilopa capreolus
Hippotragini indet. Sundevall 1845
1 specimen
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hippotragini
Syncerus sp. Hodgson 1847
16 specimens
Tragelaphus cf. strepsiceros (Pallas 1766)
12 specimens
cf. Makapania sp. Wells and Cooke 1957
10 specimens
Mammalia - Suidae
Suidae indet. Gray 1821
9 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Suidae
Phacochoerus sp. Cuvier 1826
3 specimens
Metridiochoerus andrewsi Hopwood 1926
12 specimens
cf. Tapinochoerus meadowsi
2 specimens
synonym of Metridiochoerus
Mammalia - Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus sp. Linnaeus 1758
14 specimens
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae
Equidae indet. Gray 1821
31 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Equidae
Equus capensis Broom 1909
17 specimens
Hipparion libycum Pomel 1897
1 specimen
recombined as Eurygnathohippus libycum
Hipparion libycum Pomel 1897
8 specimens
recombined as Eurygnathohippus libycum
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: steytlieri
Gastropoda - Heterostropha - Achatinidae
cf. Achatina sp. Lamarck 1799
15 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: mak - replaced genus name sp. with family name, species name "Achatidae" pulled in favor of sp.
unclassified
Antidorcas cf. recki (Schwartz 1932)
12 specimens
original and current combination Adenota recki
see common names

Geography
Country:South Africa
Coordinates: 26.0° South, 27.7° East (view map)
Paleocoordinates:26.2° South, 27.5° East
Geographic resolution:local area
Time
Period:Quaternary Epoch:Pleistocene
10 m.y. bin:Cenozoic 6
*Period:Tertiary - Quaternary *Epoch:Pliocene - Pleistocene
Key time interval:Early/Lower Pleistocene
Age range of interval:2.58000 - 0.77400 m.y. ago
* legacy (obsolete) database fields
Stratigraphy
Geological group:Transvaal Formation:Swartkrans Member:11
Stratigraphy comments: ETE dating method: composite, ETE age comment: age=Pleistocene=approx. 1.7 my based on hominid and faunal evidence
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology: breccia
Lithology description: ETE rock type adj: breccia, ETE lithology comments: Matrix is secondary calcified reddish brown sandy silt, flowstone interlaminations , lenticular beds, travertine, brecc.
Environment:wet floodplain
Geology comments: ETE sed env 1: ., ETE sed env 2: . ETE event: ., ETE env comment: repeated mudfl. resulting from soil run off
Taphonomy
Collection methods and comments
Collection methods:bulk,selective quarrying,surface (float)
Collection size:6626 specimens
Reason for describing collection:general faunal/floral analysis
Collection method comments: ETE Size: both; ETE reference list: 478, ; ETE museum list: TM
Metadata
Also known as:ETE Locality 642, Orange Breccia, Pink Breccia
Database number:21824
Authorizer:A. Behrensmeyer, R. Potts, A. Turner Enterer:A. Behrensmeyer, J. Damuth, R. Potts, H. O'Regan
Modifier:J. Alroy
Created:1995-10-17 00:00:00 Last modified:2017-05-23 16:34:15
Access level:the public Released:1995-10-17 00:00:00
Creative Commons license:CC BY
Reference information

Primary reference:
4896.ETE 607C. K. Brain. 1994. The Swartkrans Palaeontological Research Project in perspective: results and conclusions. South African Journal of Science 90:220-223 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/M. Kosnik]

Secondary references:

7584 M. C. McKenna and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level 1-640 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]
10899PACED L. Werdelin and A. Turner. 1996. The fossil and living Hyaenidae of Africa: present status. in K. M. Stewart and K.L. Semour (eds.) Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic mammals: Tributes to the career of C.S. (Rufus) Churcher. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 637-659 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan]