Mission: Clarendonian, South Dakota
List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
Reptilia
- Anguidae
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Anguidae indet.
Gray 1825
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Holman 1973 | |||||||||
Reptilia
- Scincidae
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Eumeces sp.
Wiegmann 1834
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Holman 1973 | |||||||||
Reptilia
- Colubridae
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Lampropeltis similis
Holman 1964
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Holman 1973 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Proboscidea
- Gomphotheriidae
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Gomphotherium sp.
Burmeister 1837
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8 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Amphicyonidae
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Ischyrocyon gidleyi
(Matthew 1902)
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13 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Canidae
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Aelurodon taxoides
Hatcher 1894
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8 specimens | |||||||||
see also Wang et al. 1999 | ||||||||||
Aelurodon saevus
(Leidy 1858)
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1 specimen | |||||||||
SDSM 6853 | ||||||||||
= Carpocyon robustus
Green 1948
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Wang et al. 1999 | |||||||||
(plus new F:AM specimen) | ||||||||||
Tomarctus euthos
(McGrew 1935)
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1 specimen | |||||||||
recombined as Paratomarctus euthos | ||||||||||
Leptocyon matthewi
Tedford et al. 2009
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Tedford et al. 2009 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Equidae
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Hypohippus sp.
(Leidy 1858)
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3 specimens | |||||||||
original and current combination Anchitherium (Hypohippus) | ||||||||||
Pliohippus sp.
Marsh 1874
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151 specimens | |||||||||
= Protohippus sp.
Leidy 1858
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Alroy 2002 | |||||||||
reassigned as Merychippus (Protohippus) | ||||||||||
may also include Pliohippus, but mention of "several complicated folds" in some fossettes indicates that at least some specimens are Protohippus: JA pers. obs. 13.7.96 | ||||||||||
Calippus placidus
(Leidy 1869)
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Hulbert 1989 | 1 specimen | ||||||||
pers. commun.: "A. cf. martini"; i.d. confirmed by JA 3.8.93 | ||||||||||
Pseudhipparion cf. gratum
(Leidy 1869)
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380 specimens | |||||||||
including 12 metapodials that could be Calippus | ||||||||||
Hippotherium sp.
Kaup 1832
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279 specimens | |||||||||
"Neohipparion cf. occidentale or whitneyi": JA pers. obs. 13.7.96: data of Macdonald 1960 are ambiguous; dental measurements overlap completely with N. affine and "C. occidentale," and metapodial measurements overlap with those of Webb 1969 (Burge "Neohipparion," Minnechaduza "N. occidentale," type of "N. whitneyi"), Bernor et al. 1990 (Xmas-Kat "C. occidentale"), etc.; however, I believe that Hippotherium is present based on 1) low frequency of pli caballinids (should be common in true Neohipparion), and 2) suggestion that some or many pli caballins are multiple (should always be single in true Neohipparion); including metapodials | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Rhinocerotidae
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Teleoceras cf. fossiger
(Cope 1878)
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= Teleoceras major
Hatcher 1894
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Voorhies 1985 | |||||||||
okay with Prothero 1989 pers. comm.; NISP about 36, including "miscellaneous foot elements" (3?) | ||||||||||
Aphelops megalodus
(Cope 1873)
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Prothero 2005 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Tapiridae
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Tapirus sp.
Brisson 1762
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1 specimen | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Camelidae
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Protolabis heterodontus
(Cope 1874)
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2 specimens | |||||||||
including type of "Procamelus foxi" of Macdonald 1960 | ||||||||||
Procamelus grandis
Gregory 1939
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10 specimens | |||||||||
Pliauchenia magnifontis
Gregory 1939
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2 specimens | |||||||||
Aepycamelus sp.
Macdonald 1956
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Harrison 1985 | 2 specimens | ||||||||
"Paracamelus or Aepycamelus" | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Merycoidodontidae
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Ustatochoerus cf. skinneri
Schultz and Falkenbach 1941
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6 specimens | |||||||||
= Merychyus cf. novomexicanus
Frick 1929
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Voorhies 1985 | |||||||||
invalid subgroup of Ustatochoerus medius | ||||||||||
"U. medius"; discussed by Skinner and Johnson 1984 and Schultz and Falkenbach 1941 | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Tayassuidae
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Prosthennops sp.
Matthew and Gidley 1904
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7 specimens | |||||||||
= Prosthennops cf. niobrarensis
Colbert 1935
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Wright 1983 | |||||||||
recombined as Colbertchoerus niobrarensis | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Antilocapridae
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Merycodus sp.
Leidy 1854
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19 specimens | |||||||||
= Cosoryx sp.
Leidy 1869
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Alroy 2002 | |||||||||
originally identified as Cosoryx by Macdonald 1960 based on opinion of Taylor, who was following Frick's taxonomy; also said to be the same as the Big Spring merycodont, which is Cosoryx cf. furcatus, and extreme length of shaft indicated by measurements matches Cosoryx | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Soricidae
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Soricidae indet.
Fischer 1814
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1 specimen | |||||||||
SDSM 62270 | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Sciuridae
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Protospermophilus sp.
Gazin 1930
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1 specimen | |||||||||
SDSM 6865 | ||||||||||
Citellus sp.
Oken 1816
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1 specimen | |||||||||
SDSM 62247 | ||||||||||
= Spermophilus sp.
Cuvier 1825
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Alroy 2002 | |||||||||
comparisons are to S. gidleyi | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Castoridae
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Eucastor sp.
Allen 1877
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1 specimen | |||||||||
SDSM 6864 | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Heteromyidae
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Cupidinimus sp.
Wood 1935
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10 specimens | |||||||||
SDSM 6225-58, 62266-67, 62275 | ||||||||||
Perognathus cf. coquorum
Wood 1935
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2 specimens | |||||||||
SDSM 62263-64 | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Cricetidae
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Cricetidae indet.
Fischer von Waldheim 1817
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Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Zapodidae
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Plesiosminthus sp.
Viret 1926
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3 specimens | |||||||||
SDSM 6862, 62269, 62276 | ||||||||||
= Schaubeumys sp.
Wood 1935
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Alroy 2002 | |||||||||
"P. sp. B" of Green 1977c; Korth 1980 suggests S. grangeri | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Mylagaulidae
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Mylagaulus sp.
Cope 1878
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2 specimens | |||||||||
= Mylagaulidae indet.
Cope 1881
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Alroy 2002 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Lagomorpha
- Leporidae
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? Hypolagus sp.
Dice 1917
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1 specimen | |||||||||
SDSM 6863 | ||||||||||
= Archaeolaginae indet.
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Alroy 2002 | |||||||||
Amphibia
- Temnospondyli
- Pelobatidae
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Scaphiopus sp.
Holbrook 1836
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Holman 1973 | |||||||||
Amphibia
- Temnospondyli
- Bufonidae
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Bufo sp.
Laurenti 1768
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Holman 1973 | |||||||||
Bufo pliocompactilis
Wilson 1968
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Holman 1973 | |||||||||
Amphibia
- Temnospondyli
- Ranidae
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Rana sp.
Linnaeus 1758
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Holman 1973 | |||||||||
see common names |
Geography
Country: | United States | State/province: | South Dakota | County: | Mellette |
Coordinates: | 43.4° North, 100.6° West (view map) | ||||
Paleocoordinates: | 43.9° North, 98.0° West | ||||
Basis of coordinate: | stated in text | ||||
Geographic resolution: | outcrop |
Time
Period: | Neogene | Epoch: | Miocene |
*Period: | Tertiary | ||
Key time interval: | Clarendonian | ||
Age range of interval: | 13.60000 - 10.30000 m.y. ago | ||
* legacy (obsolete) database fields |
Stratigraphy
Formation: | Thin Elk |
Stratigraphic resolution: | member |
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology: | unlithified sandstone |
Secondary lithology: | "carbonate" |
Includes fossils? | Y |
Includes fossils? | Y |
Lithology description: "microfauna... from two different sedimentary latyers. One sample was derived from about one-half ton of unconsolidated sand near the base of the channel deposit. The second sample came from approximately one-half ton of sediment taken from a calcareous ledge-forming lens near the top of the deposit." | |
Environment: | "channel" |
Taphonomy
Modes of preservation: | body |
Size of fossils: | macrofossils,mesofossils |
Collection methods and comments
Collection methods: | bulk,salvage,selective quarrying,chemical,sieve,field collection |
Collection size: | 947 specimens |
Rock censused: | 909 kg |
Reason for describing collection: | general faunal/floral analysis |
Museum repositories: | SDSM |
Collection method comments: large vertebrates collected from "residue" of sand and gravel screened during a quarrying operation (Macdonald 1960); small vertebrates collected by "washing and screening techniques [sand layer] or by treatment of fossil-bearing rocks with chemicals [calcareous lens]" (Holman 1973) | |
Taxonomic list comments:Green's list replaces that of Macdonald 1960; NISP values are based on latter, and exclude non-mammalian taxa; total is 947 "Aelurodon cf. inflatus" NISP 1: specimen not mentioned at all by Wang et al. 1999 |
Metadata
Also known as: | SDSM V-5314; Thomas Fox Ranch; Joe Thin Elk Gravel Pits | ||
Database number: | 18268 | ||
Authorizer: | J. Alroy, J. Marcot | Enterer: | J. Alroy, J. Marcot |
Modifier: | J. Alroy | Research group: | vertebrate |
Created: | 1992-08-05 00:00:00 | Last modified: | 2007-09-08 15:10:56 |
Access level: | the public | Released: | 1992-08-05 00:00:00 |
Creative Commons license: | CC BY |
Reference information
Primary reference:
1710. | M. Green. 1971. Additions to the Mission vertebrate fauna, Lower Pliocene of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 45(3):486-490 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Carrano] |
Secondary references:
6294 | J. Alroy. 2002. Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals. [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Kouvari] | |
1801 | J. A. Harrison. 1985. Giant Camels from the Cenozoic of North America . Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 57:1-29 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Ju] | |
19395 | J. A. Holman. 1973. Herpetofauna of the Mission local fauna (Lower Pliocene) of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 47(3):462-464 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
1952 | R. C. Hulbert, Jr. 1989. Phylogenetic Interrelationships and Evolution of North American Late Equidae. In D. R. Prothero and R. M. Schoch (eds.), The Evolution of Perissodactyls [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen] | |
51726 | D. R. Prothero. 2005. The Evolution of North American Rhinoceroses. 1-218 [J. Marcot/J. Marcot] | |
52058 | R. H. Tedford, X. Wang, and B. E. Taylor. 2009. Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 325:1-218 [J. Marcot/J. Marcot/G. Lloyd] | |
3505 | M. R. Voorhies. 1985. National Geographic Society Research Reports [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
3558 | X. Wang, R. H. Tedford, and B. E. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243:1-392 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
3773 | D. B. Wright. 1983. Later Miocene Tayassuidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) of North America. University of Nebraska, M. S. thesis 1-350 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Sepkoski] |