Burmese amber, Kachin Amber (Poinar collection) (Cretaceous of Myanmar)

Where: Kachin, Myanmar (26.4° N, 96.7° E: paleocoordinates 12.4° N, 93.8° E)

• coordinate stated in text

• outcrop-level geographic resolution

When: Early/Lower Cenomanian (99.6 - 93.5 Ma)

Environment/lithology: terrestrial; amber

Size class: mesofossils

Preservation: soft parts, original chitin, amber

Collection methods: quarrying

• Repository: Poinar collection at Oregon State University, eventually to be deposited at the California Academy of Sciences

Primary reference: G. Poinar and A. E. Brown. 2005. New Aphidoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) in Burmese amber. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107:835-845 [M. Clapham/M. Clapham]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 104053: authorized by Matthew Clapham, entered by Jered Karr on 06.02.2011, edited by Matthew Clapham and Amy Delelli

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names
Arachnida
 Araneae -
Araneae indet.68, Mygalomorphae "indet. 1"68
Araneae indet.68 Clerck 1757 spider
B-A-1-16
Mygalomorphae "indet. 1"68 Pocock 1892 spider
B-A-1-6
 Araneae - Eopsilodercidae
? Eopsilodercidae "indet. 1"68
? Eopsilodercidae "indet. 1"68 Wunderlich 2008 spider
B-A-1-12
 Araneae - Tetrablemmidae
Eogamasomorpha nubila n. gen. n. sp.68
Eogamasomorpha nubila n. gen. n. sp.68 Wunderlich 2008 armored spider
B-A-1-1
 Araneae -
Dysderoidea "indet. 1"68, ? Dysderoidea "indet. 2"68
Dysderoidea "indet. 1"68 Bristowe 1938 spider
B-A-1-14
? Dysderoidea "indet. 2"68 Bristowe 1938 spider
B-A-1-9
 Araneae - Oonopidae
"Burmorchestina pulcher" = Burmorchestina pulchra67, "Burmorchestina ? pulcher" = Burmorchestina pulchra67
"Burmorchestina pulcher" = Burmorchestina pulchra67 Wunderlich 2008 goblin spider
B-A-1-4
"Burmorchestina ? pulcher" = Burmorchestina pulchra67 Wunderlich 2008 goblin spider
B-A-1-14
 Araneae - Micropalpimanidae
Micropalpimanus poinari n. gen. n. sp.68
Micropalpimanus poinari n. gen. n. sp.68 Wunderlich 2008 spider
B-A-1-3
 Araneae - Lagonomegopidae
Burlagonomegops ? eskovi68
Burlagonomegops ? eskovi68 Penney 2005 spider
B-A-1-2, 20
 Araneae - Uloboridae
Burmuloborus parvus68, "Palaeomiagrammopes vesica n. gen. n. sp." = Paramiagrammopes vesica68, Paramiagrammopes cretaceus n. gen. n. sp.68
Burmuloborus parvus68 Wunderlich 2008 hackled orb-weaver
B-A-1-17
"Palaeomiagrammopes vesica n. gen. n. sp." = Paramiagrammopes vesica68 Wunderlich 2008 hackled orb-weaver
B-A-1-13, 18, 19
Paramiagrammopes cretaceus n. gen. n. sp.68 Wunderlich 2008 hackled orb-weaver
B-A-1-8
 Araneae -
? Araneoidea indet.68
? Araneoidea indet.68 Simon 1895 spider
B-A-1-10
 Araneae - Burmascutidae
Burmascutum aenigma n. gen. n. sp.68
Burmascutum aenigma n. gen. n. sp.68 Wunderlich 2008 spider
B-A-1-7, 10
 Parasitiformes - Ixodidae
Cornupalpatum burmanicum n. gen. n. sp.25
Cornupalpatum burmanicum n. gen. n. sp.25 Poinar and Brown 2003 hard tick
A-10-260, A-10-261
 Opiliones - Stylocellidae
Palaeosiro burmanicum n. sp.10
Palaeosiro burmanicum n. sp.10 Poinar 2008 harvestman
OSU B-1-17
Malacostraca
 Isopoda - Armadillidae
Palaeoarmadillo microsoma n. gen. n. sp.23
Palaeoarmadillo microsoma n. gen. n. sp.23 Poinar 2020 isopod
Poinar B-Cr-2
Insecta
 Diptera - Limoniidae
Gonomyia (Gonomyia) sp.7, Burmoptera azu n. gen. n. sp.7, Helius sp.7, Lebania scomax n. sp.7, Trentepohlia (Paramongoma) dzeura n. sp.7, "? Antocha lapra n. sp." = Aleksiana lapra7, Austrolimnophila (Austrolimnophila) joana n. sp.7, Limnophila (Burmolimnophila) bora n. sp.7, Drinosa prisca n. gen. n. sp.7
Gonomyia (Gonomyia) sp.7 Meigen 1818 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 #02
Burmoptera azu n. gen. n. sp.7 Podenas and Poinar 2009 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 #16
Helius sp.7 Lepeletier and Serville 1828 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 #08
Lebania scomax n. sp.7 Podenas and Poinar 2009 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 #20
Trentepohlia (Paramongoma) dzeura n. sp.7 Podenas and Poinar 2009 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 #09
"? Antocha lapra n. sp." = Aleksiana lapra7 Podenas and Poinar 2009 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 #12
Austrolimnophila (Austrolimnophila) joana n. sp.7 Podenas and Poinar 2009 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 #17
Limnophila (Burmolimnophila) bora n. sp.7 Podenas and Poinar 2009 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 #03
Drinosa prisca n. gen. n. sp.7 Podenas and Poinar 2009 crane fly
Poinar B-D-10 U, #05, #11
 Diptera - Culicidae
Priscoculex burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.63
Priscoculex burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.63 Poinar et al. 2019 mosquito
Poinar B-D-70
 Diptera - Corethrellidae
Corethrella andersoni n. sp.52
Corethrella andersoni n. sp.52 Poinar and Szadziewski 2007 frog biting midge
OSU B-D-56
 Diptera - Ceratopogonidae
Archiaustroconops gracilis n. sp.65, Archiaustroconops kotejai n. sp.65, Leptoconops sp.65, "Leptoconops nosopheris n. sp." = Leptoconops (Leptoconops) nosopheris9, "Leptoconops subrossicus n. sp." = Leptoconops (Leptoconops) subrossicus65, "Leptoconops burmiticus" = Leptoconops (Leptoconops) burmiticus65, "Protoculicoides burmiticus n. sp." = Adelohelea burmitica65, Protoculicoides sp.65, Atriculicoides swinhoei65
Archiaustroconops gracilis n. sp.65 Szadziewski and Poinar 2005 biting midge
OSU In. C-5
Archiaustroconops kotejai n. sp.65 Szadziewski and Poinar 2005 biting midge
OSU In. C-4
Leptoconops sp.65 Skuse 1889 biting midge
OSU In. C-9, 13-19
"Leptoconops nosopheris n. sp." = Leptoconops (Leptoconops) nosopheris9 Poinar 2008 biting midge
OSU BD-47b
"Leptoconops subrossicus n. sp." = Leptoconops (Leptoconops) subrossicus65 Szadziewski and Poinar 2005 biting midge
OSU In. C-12
"Leptoconops burmiticus" = Leptoconops (Leptoconops) burmiticus65 Szadziewski 2004 biting midge
OSU In. C-11
"Protoculicoides burmiticus n. sp." = Adelohelea burmitica65 Szadziewski and Poinar 2005 biting midge
OSU In. C-1
Protoculicoides sp.65 Boesel 1937 biting midge
OSU In. C-2
Atriculicoides swinhoei65 Cockerell 1919 biting midge
OSU In. C-3
 Diptera - Bibionidae
Cascoplecia insolitis n. gen. n. sp.13
Cascoplecia insolitis n. gen. n. sp.13 Poinar 2010 march fly
OSU B-D-68
 Diptera - Apsilocephalidae
Cascomixticus tubuliferous n. gen. n. sp.56
Cascomixticus tubuliferous n. gen. n. sp.56 Poinar and Vega 2021 fly
Poinar B-D-1-74
 Diptera - Atelestidae
"Neoalavesia hadroceria n. gen. n. sp." = Alavesia hadroceria55
"Neoalavesia hadroceria n. gen. n. sp." = Alavesia hadroceria55 Poinar and Vega 2020 fly
Poinar B-D-1-73
 Diptera - Psychodidae
Palaeomyia burmitis n. gen. n. sp.8, Dacochile microsoma n. gen. n. sp.26
Palaeomyia burmitis n. gen. n. sp.8 Poinar 2004 sand fly
B-D-16
Dacochile microsoma n. gen. n. sp.26 Poinar and Brown 2004 moth fly
B-D-12; D-B-12T in Poinar & Brown 2006
 Odonata - Burmaphlebiidae
Burmaphlebia reifi n. gen. n. sp.1
Burmaphlebia reifi n. gen. n. sp.1 Bechly and Poinar 2013 dragonfly
OSU B-OD-1
 Hemiptera - Fulgoridiidae
Stonymetopus megus n. gen. n. sp.43
Stonymetopus megus n. gen. n. sp.43 Poinar et al. 2022 planthopper
Poinar B-He-40
 Hemiptera - Aradidae
"Microaradus anticus" = Cretopiesma anticum3, Myanmezira longicornis n. gen. n. sp.3
"Microaradus anticus" = Cretopiesma anticum3 Heiss and Poinar 2012 flat bug
Myanmezira longicornis n. gen. n. sp.3 Heiss and Poinar 2012 flat bug
 Hemiptera - Tingidae
Paleoanomala aptenus n. gen. n. sp.53
Paleoanomala aptenus n. gen. n. sp.53 Poinar and Vega 2020 lace bug
Poinar B-He-36
 Hemiptera - Reduviidae
Paleotriatoma metaxytaxa n. gen. n. sp.19
Paleotriatoma metaxytaxa n. gen. n. sp.19 Poinar 2018 assassin bug
Poinar B-He-28
 Hemiptera - Palaeotanyrhinidae
Palaeotanyrhina exophthalma n. gen. n. sp.42
Palaeotanyrhina exophthalma n. gen. n. sp.42 Poinar et al. 2022 true bug
Poinar He-4-39
 Hemiptera - Leptopodidae
Palaeoleptus burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.44
Palaeoleptus burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.44 Poinar 2009 spiny-legged bug
Buckley E-5
 Hemiptera - Gelastocoridae
Gelastocoris curiosus n. sp.31, Nerthra bichelata n. sp.31
Gelastocoris curiosus n. sp.31 Poinar and Brown 2016 toad bug
Poinar B-He-26
Nerthra bichelata n. sp.31 Poinar and Brown 2016 toad bug
Poinar B-He-25
 Hemiptera - Schizopteridae
Hexaphlebia burmanica n. gen. n. sp.30, Lumatibialis burmitis n. gen. n. sp.30
Hexaphlebia burmanica n. gen. n. sp.30 Poinar 2015 jumping soil bug
B-He-24B
Lumatibialis burmitis n. gen. n. sp.30 Poinar 2015 jumping soil bug
B-He-24A
 Hemiptera - Sinoalidae
Araeoanasillus leptosomus n. gen. n. sp.37
Araeoanasillus leptosomus n. gen. n. sp.37 Poinar and Brown 2023 froghopper
Poinar B-He-41
 Hemiptera - Cicadidae
Burmacicada protera n. gen. n. sp.49
Burmacicada protera n. gen. n. sp.49 Poinar and Kritsky 2012 cicada
OSU B-HE-23
 Hemiptera - Cicadellidae
Priscacutius denticulatus n. gen. n. sp.34
Priscacutius denticulatus n. gen. n. sp.34 Poinar and Brown 2017 leafhopper
Poinar B-He-8
 Hemiptera - Tajmyraphididae
Tanyaulus caudisetula n. gen. n. sp.16, Burmitaphis prolatum n. gen. n. sp., Caulinus burmitis n. gen. n. sp.
Tanyaulus caudisetula n. gen. n. sp.16 Poinar 2017 aphid
Poinar B-He-29
Burmitaphis prolatum n. gen. n. sp. Poinar and Brown 2005 aphid
OSU B-He-14A, B, C
Caulinus burmitis n. gen. n. sp. Poinar and Brown 2005 aphid
OSU B-He-15; additional specimen in Poinar, 2017
 Hemiptera - Juraphididae
Isolitaphis prolatantennus n. gen. n. sp.15
Isolitaphis prolatantennus n. gen. n. sp.15 Poinar 2017 aphid
Poinar B-He-27
 Hemiptera - Parvaverrucosidae
"Verrucosa annulata n. gen. n. sp." = Parvaverrucosa annulata
"Verrucosa annulata n. gen. n. sp." = Parvaverrucosa annulata Poinar and Brown 2005 aphid
OSU B-He-13A, B
 Hemiptera - Liadopsyllidae
Mirala burmanica n. gen. n. sp.2
Mirala burmanica n. gen. n. sp.2 Burckhardt and Poinar 2019 jumping plant louse
Poinar B-He-33
 Hemiptera - Macrodrilidae
Macrodrilus bostrychus n. gen. n. sp.24
Macrodrilus bostrychus n. gen. n. sp.24 Poinar 2020 scale insect
Poinar B-He-35
 Hemiptera - Adocimycolidae
Adocimycolus aarondavisii n. gen. n. sp.57
Adocimycolus aarondavisii n. gen. n. sp.57 Poinar and Vega 2023 scale insect
Poinar B-He-42
 Hemiptera -
Paleolepidotus macrocolus n. gen. n. sp.62
Paleolepidotus macrocolus n. gen. n. sp.62 Poinar et al. 2020 scale insect
Poinar B/He/34
 Orthoptera - Gryllidae
Pherodactylus micromorphus n. gen. n. sp.51
Pherodactylus micromorphus n. gen. n. sp.51 Poinar et al. 2020 field cricket
Poinar B-O-12
 Orthoptera - Tridactylidae
Cascogryllus lobiferus n. gen. n. sp.20
Cascogryllus lobiferus n. gen. n. sp.20 Poinar 2018 pygmy mole cricket
Poinar B-Or-2
 Alienoptera - Alienopteridae
Aethiocarenus burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.32
Aethiocarenus burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.32 Poinar and Brown 2016 winged insect
Poinar B-De-2
 Blattodea - Kalotermitidae
"Kalotermes burmensis n. sp." = Kachinitermopsis burmensis12
"Kalotermes burmensis n. sp." = Kachinitermopsis burmensis12 Poinar 2009 termite
OSU B-I-2
 Hymenoptera - Mymaridae
Myanmymar aresconoides n. gen. n. sp.47
Myanmymar aresconoides n. gen. n. sp.47 Huber 2011 fairyfly
1 female & maybe 1 male
 Hymenoptera - Caradiophyodidae
Caradiophyodus saradae n. gen. n. sp.58
Caradiophyodus saradae n. gen. n. sp.58 Poinar and Vega 2023 wasp
Poinar B-Hy-21
 Hymenoptera - Braconidae
Euphorinae indet.50
Euphorinae indet.50 Förster 1862 wasp
Poinar Bu-C-48B (parasitoid cocoon)
 Hymenoptera - Praeaulacidae
Paleosyncrasis hongi n. gen. n. sp.21
Paleosyncrasis hongi n. gen. n. sp.21 Poinar 2019 wasp
Poinar B-An-18
 Hymenoptera - Aptenoperissidae
Aptenoperissus burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.64
Aptenoperissus burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.64 Rasnitsyn and Poinar 2016 wasp
Poinar B-Hy-19
 Hymenoptera - Melittosphecidae
Melittosphex burmensis n. gen. n. sp.45
Melittosphex burmensis n. gen. n. sp.45 Poinar and Danforth 2006 wasp
OSU B-Hy-7
 Hymenoptera - Crabronidae
Discoscapa apicula n. gen. n. sp.22
Discoscapa apicula n. gen. n. sp.22 Poinar 2020 apoid wasp
Poinar B-Hy-20
 Coleoptera - Histeridae
Pantostictus burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.29
Pantostictus burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.29 Poinar and Brown 2009 clown beetle
Poinar B-C-40, A, B, C
 Coleoptera - Staphylinidae
Hapsomela burmitis n. gen. n. sp.27
Hapsomela burmitis n. gen. n. sp.27 Poinar and Brown 2004 antlike stone beetle
B-C-11
 Coleoptera - Cleridae
Anebomorpha cercorhampha n. gen. n. sp.35
Anebomorpha cercorhampha n. gen. n. sp.35 Poinar and Brown 2020 checkered beetle
 Coleoptera - Zopheridae
Stegastochlidus saraemcheana n. gen. n. sp.54
Stegastochlidus saraemcheana n. gen. n. sp.54 Poinar and Vega 2020 ironclad beetle
Poinar B-C-55
 Coleoptera - Kateretidae
Furcalabratum burmanicum n. gen. n. sp.33
Furcalabratum burmanicum n. gen. n. sp.33 Poinar and Brown 2017 beetle
Poinar B-C-51
 Coleoptera - Silvanidae
Protoliota paleus n. sp.61
Protoliota paleus n. sp.61 Poinar et al. 2023 beetle
Poinar B-C-59
 Coleoptera - Phloeostichidae
Pleuroceratos burmiticus n. gen. n. sp.48
Pleuroceratos burmiticus n. gen. n. sp.48 Poinar and Kirejtshuk 2008 beetle
 Coleoptera - Caridae
Periosomerus tanyorhynchus n. gen. n. sp.40, Paleopegorhinus micrommatus n. gen. n. sp.41
Periosomerus tanyorhynchus n. gen. n. sp.40 Poinar et al. 2019 weevil
Poinar B-C-53
Paleopegorhinus micrommatus n. gen. n. sp.41 Poinar et al. 2021 weevil
Poinar B-C-54
 Coleoptera - Curculionidae
Palaeocryptorhynchus burmanus n. gen. n. sp.11
Palaeocryptorhynchus burmanus n. gen. n. sp.11 Poinar 2009 snout beetle
OSU B-C-42
 Coleoptera - Mesophyletidae
Aepyceratus hyperochus n. gen. n. sp.39, Habropezus plaisiommus n. gen. n. sp.38, Anchineus dolichobothris n. gen. n. sp.28
Aepyceratus hyperochus n. gen. n. sp.39 Poinar et al. 2017 weevil
Poinar B-C-50
Habropezus plaisiommus n. gen. n. sp.38 Poinar et al. 2016 weevil
Poinar Bu-C-48B
Anchineus dolichobothris n. gen. n. sp.28 Poinar and Brown 2009 weevil
OSU B-C-41
 Coleoptera - Cimberididae
Rhamphophorus legalovii n. gen. n. sp.36
Rhamphophorus legalovii n. gen. n. sp.36 Poinar and Brown 2021 weevil
Poinar B-C-57
 Coleoptera - Cantharidae
Ornatomalthinus elvirae n. gen. n. sp.46
Ornatomalthinus elvirae n. gen. n. sp.46 Poinar and Fanti 2016 soldier beetle
Poinar B-C-28
 Coleoptera - Cerophytidae
Amberophytum maculatum n. sp.60
Amberophytum maculatum n. sp.60 Poinar et al. 2021 beetle
PACO B-C-45
 Coleoptera - Lepiceridae
"Haplochelus georissoides n. gen. n. sp." = Lepicerus georissoides4, "Lepiceroides pretiosus n. gen. n. sp." = Lepichelus pretiosus5
"Haplochelus georissoides n. gen. n. sp." = Lepicerus georissoides4 Kirejtshuk and Poinar 2006 beetle
OSU B-C-21
"Lepiceroides pretiosus n. gen. n. sp." = Lepichelus pretiosus5 Kirejtshuk and Poinar 2013 beetle
B-C-46
 Coleoptera -
Microentomus epibatus n. gen. n. sp.30, Palaeotylus femoralis n. gen. n. sp.59
Microentomus epibatus n. gen. n. sp.30 Poinar 2015 beetle
B-He-24B
Palaeotylus femoralis n. gen. n. sp.59 Poinar et al. 2018 beetle
Poinar B-F-7
 Trichoptera - Hydroptilidae
Hydroptilidae indet.66
Hydroptilidae indet.66 Stephens 1836 microcaddisfly
 Trichoptera - Polycentropodidae
Polycentropodidae indet.66
Polycentropodidae indet.66 Ulmer 1903 caddisfly
 Trichoptera - Philopotamidae
Wormaldia myanmari n. sp.66
Wormaldia myanmari n. sp.66 Wichard and Poinar 2005 finger-net caddisfly
 Lepidoptera - Douglasiidae
Tanyglossus orectometopus n. gen. n. sp.18
Tanyglossus orectometopus n. gen. n. sp.18 Poinar 2017 moth
Poinar B-L-3
 Zygentoma - Lepismatidae
Burmalepisma cretacicum n. gen. n. sp.6
Burmalepisma cretacicum n. gen. n. sp.6 Mendes and Poinar 2008 silverfish
B-TH 1, 1A
Enoplea
 Mermithida - Mermithidae
Cretacimermis aphidophilus n. sp.17, Cretacimermis protus14
Cretacimermis aphidophilus n. sp.17 Poinar 2017
Poinar B-N-7
Cretacimermis protus14 Poinar and Buckley 2006
Poinar B-N-3
 Rhabditida - Thelastomatidae
Paleothelastoma tipulae n. gen. n. sp.14
Paleothelastoma tipulae n. gen. n. sp.14 Poinar 2011
Poinar B-N-4
 Rhabditida - Cosmocercidae
Palaeocosmocerca burmanica n. gen. n. sp.14
Palaeocosmocerca burmanica n. gen. n. sp.14 Poinar 2011
Poinar B-N-6
 Rhabditida -
Cretodiplogaster termitophilus n. gen. n. sp.14
Cretodiplogaster termitophilus n. gen. n. sp.14 Poinar 2011
Poinar B-N-5
 Rhabditida - Heterorhabditidae
Proheterorhabditis burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.14
Proheterorhabditis burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.14 Poinar 2011
Poinar B-N-8
 Rhabditida - Aphelenchoididae
Cretaciaphelenchoides burmensis n. gen. n. sp.14
Cretaciaphelenchoides burmensis n. gen. n. sp.14 Poinar 2011
Poinar B-N-7
Protozoa
 Kinetoplastida - Trypanosomatidae
Paleotrypanosoma burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.9
Paleotrypanosoma burmanicus n. gen. n. sp.9 Poinar 2008
OSU B-D-47b
1Bechly and Poinar 2013; 2Burckhardt and Poinar 2019; 3Heiss and Poinar 2012; 4Kirejtshuk and Poinar 2006; 5Kirejtshuk and Poinar 2013; 6Mendes and Poinar 2008; 7Podenas and Poinar 2009; 8Poinar 2004; 9Poinar 2008; 10Poinar 2008; 11Poinar 2009; 12Poinar 2009; 13Poinar 2010; 14Poinar 2011; 15Poinar 2017; 16Poinar 2017; 17Poinar 2017; 18Poinar 2017; 19Poinar 2018; 20Poinar 2018; 21Poinar 2019; 22Poinar 2020; 23Poinar 2020; 24Poinar 2020; 25Poinar and Brown 2003; 26Poinar and Brown 2004; 27Poinar and Brown 2004; 28Poinar and Brown 2009; 29Poinar and Brown 2009; 30Poinar and Brown 2015; 31Poinar and Brown 2016; 32Poinar and Brown 2016; 33Poinar and Brown 2017; 34Poinar and Brown 2017; 35Poinar and Brown 2020; 36Poinar and Brown 2021; 37Poinar and Brown 2023; 38Poinar et al. 2016; 39Poinar et al. 2017; 40Poinar et al. 2019; 41Poinar et al. 2021; 42Poinar et al. 2022; 43Poinar et al. 2022; 44Poinar and Buckley 2009; 45Poinar and Danforth 2006; 46Poinar and Fanti 2016; 47Poinar and Huber 2011; 48Poinar et al. 2008; 49Poinar and Kritsky 2012; 50Poinar and Shaw 2016; 51Poinar et al. 2020; 52Poinar and Szadziewski 2007; 53Poinar and Vega 2020; 54Poinar and Vega 2020; 55Poinar and Vega 2020; 56Poinar and Vega 2021; 57Poinar and Vega 2023; 58Poinar and Vega 2023; 59Poinar et al. 2018; 60Poinar et al. 2021; 61Poinar et al. 2023; 62Poinar et al. 2020; 63Poinar et al. 2019; 64Rasnitsyn et al. 2016; 65Szadziewski and Poinar 2005; 66Wichard and Poinar 2005; 67Wunderlich 2008; 68Wunderlich 2008