Dominican amber (SMNS coll) (Miocene to of Dominican Republic)

Where: Dominican Republic (19.6° N, 70.6° W: paleocoordinates 19.4° N, 69.5° W)

• coordinate based on political unit

• outcrop-level geographic resolution

When: Burdigalian to Burdigalian (20.4 - 13.8 Ma)

• Age controversial, with the youngest proposed age of 20-15 mya based on foraminifera and the oldest as 45-30 mya based on coccoliths. Most of the amber is secondarily deposited in turbiditic sandstones.

• bed-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: terrestrial; amber

Size class: macrofossils

Preservation: soft parts, original chitin, amber

Reposited in the SMNS

Primary reference: R. Kinzelbach. 1979. Das erste neotropische Fossil der Fächerflügler (Stuttgarter Bernsteinsammlung: Insecta, Strepsiptera). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 52:1-14 [M. Clapham/M. Clapham/M. Clapham]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 122474: authorized by Matthew Clapham, entered by Matthew Clapham on 29.12.2011, edited by Jered Karr, Amy Delelli and Annabelle Louderback

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names
Arachnida
 Araneae - Dipluridae
? Ischnothele sp.49
? Ischnothele sp.49 Ausserer 1875 funnel-web tarantula
SMNS Do-2247-K-1
 Araneae - Ochyroceratidae
Arachnolithulus longipes n. sp.67
Arachnolithulus longipes n. sp.67 Wunderlich 2004 midget ground weaver
SMNS Do-3063-E
 Araneae - Pholcidae
? Coryssocnemis velteni n. sp.67
? Coryssocnemis velteni n. sp.67 Wunderlich 2004 daddy long-legs spider
F934/DB/AR/PHO/CJW
 Araneae - Hersiliidae
Prototama sp.35
Prototama sp.35 Petrunkevitch 1971 tree trunk spider
SMNS Do-3307-M-1
 Araneae - Salticidae
? Sarinda sp.70
? Sarinda sp.70 Peckham and Peckham 1892 spider
SMNS Do-3476-M
 Araneae - Selenopidae
Selenops beynai n. sp.51
Selenops beynai n. sp.51 Schawaller 1984 wall crab spiders
SMNS Do-3940-B-1
 Araneae - Uloboridae
Miagrammopes dominicanus68
Miagrammopes dominicanus68 Wunderlich 2004 hackled orb-weaver
SMNS Do-3342-M-1
 Araneae - Tetragnathidae
Tetragnatha pristina n. sp.49
Tetragnatha pristina n. sp.49 Schawaller 1982 stretch spider
SMNS Do-3591-D-1
 Araneae - Oxyopidae
? Oxyopes sp.69
? Oxyopes sp.69 Latreille 1804 spider
SMNS Do-3300, 4975
 Araneae - Thomisidae
Komisumena rosae n. gen. n. sp.33
Komisumena rosae n. gen. n. sp.33 Ono 1981 crab spider
SMNS Do-2528-B-1
 Amblypygi - Phrynidae
"Tarantula resinae n. sp." = Phrynus resinae43
"Tarantula resinae n. sp." = Phrynus resinae43 Schawaller 1979 whip spider
SMNS Do-1703-K-1
 Pseudoscorpiones - Chthoniidae
Pseudochthonius squamosus n. sp.46, Lechytia tertiaria n. sp.46
Pseudochthonius squamosus n. sp.46 Schawaller 1980 pseudoscorpion
SMNS Do-2651-W-1
Lechytia tertiaria n. sp.46 Schawaller 1980 pseudoscorpion
SMNS Do-897-K-6
 Pseudoscorpiones - Cheiridiidae
Cryptocheiridium antiquum n. sp.48
Cryptocheiridium antiquum n. sp.48 Schawaller 1981 pseudoscorpion
SMNS Do-553-K-2, 553-K-1, 553-K-3, 570-K-1
 Pseudoscorpiones - Withiidae
Dolichowithius sp.27
Dolichowithius sp.27 Beier 1932 pseudoscorpion
SMNS Do-119-K-3, Do-718-K-1
 Pseudoscorpiones - Chernetidae
Pachychernes sp.45, Pachychernes effossus n. sp.45, Americhernes sp.45
Pachychernes sp.45 Beier 1932 pseudoscorpion
SMNS Do-118-K-2 (Protonymph, ?effossus n. sp.)
Pachychernes effossus n. sp.45 Schawaller 1980 pseudoscorpion
SMNS Do-612-K-10
Americhernes sp.45 Muchmore 1976 pseudoscorpion
SMNS Do-2500-B-1 (Tritonymph)
 Scorpiones -
Scorpiones indet.50
Scorpiones indet.50 Latreille 1817 scorpion
SMNS Do-2981-W-1
 Scorpiones - Buthidae
"Tityus ambarensis n. sp." = Microtityus ambarensis50, "Centruroides beynai n. sp." = Centruroides nitidus44
"Tityus ambarensis n. sp." = Microtityus ambarensis50 Schawaller 1982 scorpion
SMNS Do-3399-M-1
"Centruroides beynai n. sp." = Centruroides nitidus44 Thorell 1876 scorpion
SMNS Do-1460-1
Malacostraca
 Isopoda - Platyarthridae
Trichorhina sp.54
Trichorhina sp.54 Budde-Lund 1908 isopod
SMNS Do-457-K(x2), Do-120-K, Do-388-K
 Isopoda - Sphaeroniscidae
Protosphaeroniscus tertiarius n. sp.53
Protosphaeroniscus tertiarius n. sp.53 Schmalfuss 1980 isopod
SMNS Do-1494-K-1, Do-1503K-1, Do-1433-K(x2); Do-2989-E, Do-3239-M, Do-3352-M, Do-457-K in Schmalfuss 1984
 Isopoda - Philosciidae
Philosciidae indet.54
Philosciidae indet.54 Kinahan 1857 isopod
SMNS Do-3348-M, Do-3315-M, Do-3382-M, Do-3331-M, Do-700-K, Do-1910-B, Do-3868-M,Do-496-K, Do-389-K, Do-430-K
 Isopoda - Pseudarmadillidae
Pseudarmadillo tuberculatus n. sp.54, Pseudarmadillo cristatus n. sp.54
Pseudarmadillo tuberculatus n. sp.54 Schmalfuss 1984 isopod
SMNS Do-4157-M-1, Do-4156-M-1, Do-3349-M
Pseudarmadillo cristatus n. sp.54 Schmalfuss 1984 isopod
SMNS Do-2403-K-1, Do-3381-M-1, Do-4612-B(x6), Do-579-K, Do-457-K(x2)
Insecta
 Diptera - Chironomidae
Ablabesmyia electrohispaniolana n. sp.19
Ablabesmyia electrohispaniolana n. sp.19 Grund 2005 non biting midge
SMNS Do-5503-M
 Diptera - Ceratopogonidae
Heteromyia dominicana n. sp.59
Heteromyia dominicana n. sp.59 Szadziewski and Grogan 1997 biting midge
SMNS Do-2698
 Diptera - Keroplatidae
Proceroplatus hennigi n. sp.52, Lygistorrhina caribbiana n. sp.20
Proceroplatus hennigi n. sp.52 Schmalfuss 1979 predatory fungus gnat
SMNS Do-45-K
Lygistorrhina caribbiana n. sp.20 Grund 2012 long beaked fungus gnat
SMNS Do-3187-W
 Diptera - Bibionidae
Plecia pristina55
Plecia pristina55 Hardy 1971 love bug
SMNS Do-3784-M (x3), Do-1367-K, Do-1307-K
 Diptera - Phoridae
Apocephalus succineus56, Apocephalus miocenus n. sp.56
Apocephalus succineus56 Brown 2000 scuttle fly
SMNS Do-1059-K
Apocephalus miocenus n. sp.56 Solórzano-Kraemer et al. 2021 scuttle fly
SMNS Do-369-K
 Diptera - Stratiomyidae
Pachygaster hymenaea n. sp.21
Pachygaster hymenaea n. sp.21 Grund and Hauser 2005 soldier fly
SMNS Do-3495-M
 Diptera - Acroceridae
Ogcodes exotica18
Ogcodes exotica18 Grimaldi 1995 spider fly
SMNS Do-5374-H
 Diptera - Psychodidae
"Lutzomyia (Trichopygomyia) schleei n. sp." = Psathyromyia (Forattiniella) schleei34
"Lutzomyia (Trichopygomyia) schleei n. sp." = Psathyromyia (Forattiniella) schleei34 Peñalver and Grimaldi 2006 sand fly
SMNS Do-5514-M (8 male, 37 female, 8 indet)
 Archaeognatha - Meinertellidae
Neomachilellus (Praeneomachilellus) dominicanus58
Neomachilellus (Praeneomachilellus) dominicanus58 Sturm and Poinar 1997 rock bristletail
 Ephemeroptera - Leptophlebiidae
Hagenulites hitchingsi n. gen. n. sp.57, Borinquena maculata n. sp.57, ? Borinquena caeciliana n. sp.57
Hagenulites hitchingsi n. gen. n. sp.57 Staniczek 2003 mayfly
SMNS DO-3276-M
Borinquena maculata n. sp.57 Staniczek 2003 mayfly
SMNS DO-3904-M
? Borinquena caeciliana n. sp.57 Staniczek 2003 mayfly
SMNS DO-5384-H
 Odonata - Coenagrionidae
Ischnura velteni n. sp.10
Ischnura velteni n. sp.10 Bechly 2000 forktail
SMNS Do-5687
 Hemiptera - Aradidae
Carventus bechlyi n. sp.22
Carventus bechlyi n. sp.22 Heiss 2012 flat bug
SMNS Do-4940-H
 Hemiptera - Tingidae
Phymacysta stysi n. sp.17
Phymacysta stysi n. sp.17 Golub et al. 2008 lace bug
SMNS Do-5506-M
 Hemiptera - Miridae
Psallops popovi n. sp.23
Psallops popovi n. sp.23 Herczek 2011 plant bug
SMNS Do-4116
 Hemiptera - Reduviidae
Alumeda nigricans n. gen. n. sp.41, Alumeda dominicana n. sp.41, Alumeda antilliana n. sp.41, Malacopus wygodzinskyi n. sp.40
Alumeda nigricans n. gen. n. sp.41 Popov 1989 thread-legged bug
SMNS Do-3319-E
Alumeda dominicana n. sp.41 Popov 1989 thread-legged bug
SMNS Do-3043-E, Do-3067-E
Alumeda antilliana n. sp.41 Popov 1989 thread-legged bug
SMNS Do-3861-M-1
Malacopus wygodzinskyi n. sp.40 Popov 1987 thread-legged bug
SMNS Do-3390-M
 Hemiptera - Ochteridae
Riegerochterus baehri n. gen. n. sp.42
Riegerochterus baehri n. gen. n. sp.42 Popov and Heiss 2014 velvety shore bug
SMNS Do-4667-B
 Hymenoptera - Cerocephalidae
"Cerocephalinae indet." = Cerocephalidae60, Dominocephala vibrissae n. gen. n. sp.29
"Cerocephalinae indet." = Cerocephalidae60 Gahan 1946 chalcid wasp
SMNS Do-4171-B
Dominocephala vibrissae n. gen. n. sp.29 Krogmann 2013 chalcid wasp
SMNS Do-5757-1
 Hymenoptera - Braconidae
Palaeorionis longicaudis n. gen. n. sp.11
Palaeorionis longicaudis n. gen. n. sp.11 Belokobylskij and Hovorka 2022 wasp
SMNS Do-2886-D
 Hymenoptera - Ichneumonidae
Triclistus levii n. sp.61
Triclistus levii n. sp.61 Viertler et al. 2023 ichneumon wasp
SMNS Do-3441-M
 Hymenoptera - Dryinidae
Thaumatodryinus miocenicus30, Dryinus alamellatus n. sp.32, Dryinus rasnitsyni n. sp.31, Harpactosphecion sucinum30
Thaumatodryinus miocenicus30 Olmi 1995 wasp
SMNS Do-4066-M
Dryinus alamellatus n. sp.32 Olmi and Guglielmino 2011 wasp
Dryinus rasnitsyni n. sp.31 Olmi and Guglielmino 2011 wasp
Harpactosphecion sucinum30 Olmi 1987 wasp
SMNS Do-4494-M
 Hymenoptera - Formicidae
Gnamptogenys levinates n. sp.2, Gnamptogenys pristina n. sp.2, Acanthostichus hispaniolicus n. sp.14, Cylindromyrmex antillanus n. sp.15, Leptomyrmex neotropicus n. sp.3, Odontomachus spinifer n. sp.12, Anochetus conisquamis n. sp.12, Anochetus corayi n. sp.1, Anochetus ambiguus n. sp.12, Anochetus brevidentatus12, Anochetus lucidus n. sp.12, Anochetus dubius n. sp.12, Anochetus exstinctus n. sp.12, Proceratium dominicanum n. sp.8, Paraponera dieteri n. sp.5, "Trachymyrmex primaevus n. sp." = Mycetomoellerius primaevus4, Cephalotes dieteri n. sp.16, Cephalotes serratus16, Cephalotes integerrimus16, Cephalotes alveolatus16, Cephalotes hispaniolicus n. sp.16, Cephalotes squamosus16, Cephalotes caribicus n. sp.16, Cephalotes obscurus16, Strumigenys electrina n. sp.7, Strumigenys schleeorum n. sp.7, Pheidole sp.6, Pheidole primigenia n. sp.6, Aphaenogaster amphioceanica n. sp.13
Gnamptogenys levinates n. sp.2 Baroni Urbani 1980 ant
SMNS Do-926-K-1
Gnamptogenys pristina n. sp.2 Baroni Urbani 1980 ant
SMNS Do-1172-K-1
Acanthostichus hispaniolicus n. sp.14 de Andrade 1998 army ant
SMNS Do-3854-1 -4
Cylindromyrmex antillanus n. sp.15 de Andrade 1998 army ant
SMNS Do-4130-1
Leptomyrmex neotropicus n. sp.3 Baroni Urbani 1980 ant
SMNS Do-996 (9 workers); in Baroni-Urbani & Wilson: Do-4931-M (4 workers), Do-4484-M (4 workers)
Odontomachus spinifer n. sp.12 de Andrade 1994 ant
SMNS Do-2215
Anochetus conisquamis n. sp.12 de Andrade 1994 ant
SMNS Do-3955
Anochetus corayi n. sp.1 Baroni Urbani 1980 ant
SMNS Do-834-K-1
Anochetus ambiguus n. sp.12 de Andrade 1994 ant
SMNS Do-3346, 4015
Anochetus brevidentatus12 MacKay 1991 ant
SMNS Do-3968
Anochetus lucidus n. sp.12 de Andrade 1994 ant
SMNS Do-2846-1,2
Anochetus dubius n. sp.12 de Andrade 1994 ant
SMNS Do-4192
Anochetus exstinctus n. sp.12 de Andrade 1994 ant
SMNS Do-5479, 3734
Proceratium dominicanum n. sp.8 de Andrade 2003 ant
SMNS Do-5188, 4253
Paraponera dieteri n. sp.5 Baroni Urbani 1994 ant
SMNS Do-4112
"Trachymyrmex primaevus n. sp." = Mycetomoellerius primaevus4 Baroni Urbani 1980 ant
SMNS Do-377-K-1-9 (numbers 7-9 donated to NHMB as PE154/1-3)
Cephalotes dieteri n. sp.16 Baroni Urbani 1999 ant
SMNS Do-618, 4162
Cephalotes serratus16 Vierbergen and Scheven 1995 ant
Cephalotes integerrimus16 Vierbergen and Scheven 1995 ant
SMNS Do-3326, 3792, 4479, 4711
Cephalotes alveolatus16 Vierbergen and Scheven 1995 ant
SMNS Do-1980
Cephalotes hispaniolicus n. sp.16 de Andrade 1999 ant
SMNS Do-4163
Cephalotes squamosus16 Vierbergen and Scheven 1995 ant
Cephalotes caribicus n. sp.16 de Andrade 1999 ant
SMNS Do-5383
Cephalotes obscurus16 Vierbergen and Scheven 1995 ant
SMNS Do-5487
Strumigenys electrina n. sp.7 de Andrade 1994 ant
SMNS Do-3854-1 - 5
Strumigenys schleeorum n. sp.7 Baroni Urbani 1994 ant
SMNS Do-4909-1
Pheidole sp.6 Westwood 1840 ant
SMNS Do-1645-K (illustrated in Schlee, 1980)
Pheidole primigenia n. sp.6 Baroni Urbani 1995 ant
SMNS Do-4440, 4434, 3708-a
Aphaenogaster amphioceanica n. sp.13 de Andrade 1995 ant
SMNS Do-4629-B
 Strepsiptera - Protelencholacidae
Protelencholax schleei n. gen. n. sp.
Protelencholax schleei n. gen. n. sp. Kinzelbach 1979 twisted-winged parasite
SMNS Do-7-K-1
 Coleoptera - Leiodidae
Proptomaphaginus alleni37
Proptomaphaginus alleni37 Perreau and Haelewaters 2021 round fungus beetle
SMNS DO1468K, DO489K
 Coleoptera - Staphylinidae
Paraphloeostiba dominicana n. sp.25, Osoriellus sp.24, Neosorius "sp. 1"24, Neosorius "sp. 2"24, Thoracophorus palaeobrevicristatus n. sp.24, Liberiana sp.24, Nacaeus dominicanensis n. sp.24, Lispinomimus atavus n. gen. n. sp.24
Paraphloeostiba dominicana n. sp.25 Shavrin and Jenkins Shaw 2023 rove beetle
SMNS Do-556-K
Osoriellus sp.24 Fagel 1959 rove beetle
SMNS Do-326-K, Do-381-K
Neosorius "sp. 1"24 Fagel 1959 rove beetle
Do-631-K
Neosorius "sp. 2"24 Fagel 1959 rove beetle
Do-488-K
Thoracophorus palaeobrevicristatus n. sp.24 Irmler 2003 rove beetle
SMNS Do-189-K, Do-4177-M, Do-2405-K
Liberiana sp.24 Blackwelder 1942 rove beetle
SMNS Do-1410-K, ?Do-206-K
Nacaeus dominicanensis n. sp.24 Irmler 2003 rove beetle
SMNS Do-176-K, Do-250-K, Do-1852-U
Lispinomimus atavus n. gen. n. sp.24 Irmler 2003 rove beetle
SMNS Do-449-K
 Coleoptera - Tenebrionidae
"Hesiodobates antiquus n. gen. n. sp." = Nesocyrtosoma antiquum28
"Hesiodobates antiquus n. gen. n. sp." = Nesocyrtosoma antiquum28 Kaszab and Schwaller 1984 darkling beetle
SMNS Do-3240-M-1
 Coleoptera - Ripiphoridae
Quasipirhidius luzziae9, Neorrhipidius seicherti n. sp.9
Quasipirhidius luzziae9 Batelka et al. 2011 wedge shaped beetle
SMNS Do-5733, 5735, 5737, 5738 (3 specimens), 5739 (Jan Batelka amber collection)
Neorrhipidius seicherti n. sp.9 Batelka et al. 2011 wedge shaped beetle
SMNS Do-5734, 5736
 Coleoptera - Curculionidae
"Mitosoma rhinoceroide n. sp." = Cenocephalus rhinoceroide47
"Mitosoma rhinoceroide n. sp." = Cenocephalus rhinoceroide47 Schawaller 1981 ambrosia beetle
SMNS Do-119-K-1, 2, 3, 4; Do-718-K-1
 Coleoptera - Micromalthidae
"Micromalthus anansi n. sp." = Micromalthus debilis36
"Micromalthus anansi n. sp." = Micromalthus debilis36 LeConte 1878 telephone pole beetle
SMNS Do-623-K
 Trichoptera - Hydroptilidae
"Ochrotrichia doehleri n. sp." = Ochrotrichia (Ochrotrichia) doehleri62
"Ochrotrichia doehleri n. sp." = Ochrotrichia (Ochrotrichia) doehleri62 Wichard 1981 microcaddisfly
SMNS Do-5703
 Trichoptera - Hydrobiosidae
Atopsyche perlucida n. sp.66
Atopsyche perlucida n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 caddisfly
SMNS Do-5711
 Trichoptera - Glossosomatidae
Cubanoptila longiscapa n. sp.66
Cubanoptila longiscapa n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 caddisfly
SMNS Do-5712
 Trichoptera - Helicopsychidae
"Helicopsyche scaloida" = Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) scaloida26, "Helicopsyche electra n. sp." = Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) electra26, "Helicopsyche voigti n. sp." = Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) voigti26
"Helicopsyche scaloida" = Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) scaloida26 Johanson and Wichard 1996 snail-case caddisfly
SMNS Do-5720 (formerly Wichard DB 11)
"Helicopsyche electra n. sp." = Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) electra26 Johanson and Wichard 1996 snail-case caddisfly
SMNS Do-5698 (formerly Wichard DB 12)
"Helicopsyche voigti n. sp." = Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) voigti26 Johanson and Wichard 1996 snail-case caddisfly
SMNS Do-5699 (formerly Wichard DB 13)
 Trichoptera - Calamoceratidae
Phylloicus velteni n. sp.66
Phylloicus velteni n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 caddisfly
SMNS Do-5717
 Trichoptera - Pseudoneureclipsidae
Antillopsyche oliveri n. sp.65, Antillopsyche auricula n. sp.66, Antillopsyche digitus n. sp.66
Antillopsyche oliveri n. sp.65 Wichard 1985 caddisfly
SMNS Do-5708, 819-K-1, 2720-D-1
Antillopsyche auricula n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 caddisfly
SMNS Do-5714
Antillopsyche digitus n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 caddisfly
SMNS Do-5715
 Trichoptera - Ecnomidae
Austrotinodes sp.66
Austrotinodes sp.66 Schmid 1955 caddisfly
SMNS Do-4143-M
 Trichoptera - Polycentropodidae
Cernotina pulchra n. sp.66
Cernotina pulchra n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 caddisfly
SMNS Do-5716
 Trichoptera - Hydropsychidae
Calosopsyche palaeoelegans n. sp.66, Macronema hispaniola n. sp.66
Calosopsyche palaeoelegans n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 net-spinning caddisfly
SMNS Do-820-K, 5719
Macronema hispaniola n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 net-spinning caddisfly
SMNS Do-2219-K
 Trichoptera - Philopotamidae
Chimarra palaedominicana n. sp.64, Chimarra dommeli n. sp.64, Chimarra resinae n. sp.64, "Chimarra succini n. sp." = Chimarra (Chimarrita) succini63, Chimarra (Chimarrita) palaenova n. sp.66
Chimarra palaedominicana n. sp.64 Wichard 1983 finger-net caddisfly
SMNS Do-5706
Chimarra dommeli n. sp.64 Wichard 1983 finger-net caddisfly
SMNS Do-5707
Chimarra resinae n. sp.64 Wichard 1983 finger-net caddisfly
SMNS Do-5705
"Chimarra succini n. sp." = Chimarra (Chimarrita) succini63 Wichard 1983 finger-net caddisfly
SMNS Do-3386-M-1
Chimarra (Chimarrita) palaenova n. sp.66 Wichard 2007 finger-net caddisfly
SMNS Do-5713, 4121-M, 5718
 Siphonaptera - Pulicidae
Eospilopsyllus kobberti n. gen. n. sp.38
Eospilopsyllus kobberti n. gen. n. sp.38 Beaucournu and Perrichot 2012 flea
SMNS Do-5724
Enoplea
 Mermithida - Mermithidae
Heydenius dominicus n. sp.39
Heydenius dominicus n. sp.39 Poinar 1984
SMNS Do-3201-W-1, 2
1Baroni Urbani 1980; 2Baroni Urbani 1980; 3Baroni Urbani 1980; 4Baroni Urbani 1980; 5Baroni Urbani 1994; 6Baroni Urbani 1995; 7Baroni Urbani and de Andrade 1994; 8Baroni Urbani and de Andrade 2003; 9Batelka et al. 2011; 10Bechly 2000; 11Belokobylskij and Hovorka 2022; 12de Andrade 1994; 13de Andrade 1995; 14de Andrade 1998; 15de Andrade 1998; 16de Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999; 17Golub et al. 2008; 18Grimaldi 1995; 19Grund 2005; 20Grund 2012; 21Grund and Hauser 2005; 22Heiss and Poinar 2012; 23Herczek 2011; 24Irmler 2003; 25Jenkins Shaw et al. 2023; 26Johanson and Wichard 1996; 27Judson 2010; 28Kaszab and Schwaller 1984; 29Krogmann 2013; 30Olmi and Bechly 2001; 31Olmi and Guglielmino 2011; 32Olmi et al. 2011; 33Ono 1981; 34Peñalver and Grimaldi 2006; 35Penney 2006; 36Perkovsky 2007; 37Perreau et al. 2021; 38Perrichot and Beaucournu 2012; 39Poinar 1984; 40Popov 1987; 41Popov 1989; 42Popov and Heiss 2014; 43Schawaller 1979; 44Schawaller 1979; 45Schawaller 1980; 46Schawaller 1980; 47Schawaller 1981; 48Schawaller 1981; 49Schawaller 1982; 50Schawaller 1982; 51Schawaller 1984; 52Schmalfuss 1979; 53Schmalfuss 1980; 54Schmalfuss 1984; 55Skartveit and Bechly 2013; 56Solórzano-Kraemer et al. 2021; 57Staniczek 2003; 58Sturm and Poinar 1997; 59Szadziewski and Grogan 1997; 60van de Kamp et al. 2014; 61Viertler et al. 2023; 62Wichard 1981; 63Wichard 1983; 64Wichard 1983; 65Wichard 1985; 66Wichard 2007; 67Wunderlich 2004; 68Wunderlich 2004; 69Wunderlich 2004; 70Wunderlich 2004