PBDB Collection

F45/f0394, middle Gore Lignite Measure, Newvale Mine (Oligocene to of New Zealand)

Also known as GLM

Where: Southland, New Zealand (46.1° S, 168.8° E: paleocoordinates 51.7° S, 178.8° W)

• coordinate stated in text

When: Late/Upper Oligocene to Late/Upper Oligocene (28.4 - 16.0 Ma)

• The age of the middle Gore Lignite Measure is Late Oligocene to Early Miocene based on studies of palynofloras of Otago and Southland by Pocknall & Mildenhall (1984) and Mildenhall & Pocknall (1989); and the close association between marine strata ok Waitakian age and the lower and middle Gore Lignite Measures. More precise dating of the Gore Lignite Measures is currently difficult, because of problems with precise correlation with the marine stages, and a lack of independent dating of the boundaries (Cooper, 2004).

Environment/lithology: mire or swamp; lignite

• Coastal deltaic swamps (Carpenter et al., 2010).

• The mummified leaves are embedded in a leaf-rich lens within the lignite. Leaves occur in small clusters together in lignite blocks or singly on bedding plains (Lee et al., 2007).GLM consist of 10 major seams or seam groups separated by sandstone and mudstone which are overlain by 60 m or more of quartzosesandy conglomerate (Carpenter et al., 2010).

Size class: macrofossils

Preservation: adpression, amber

Collection methods: chemical, peroxide, sieve

• Individual fossil-leaf and cuticle specimens were catalogued with OU prefixes for the Department of Geology, University of Otago, and all leaf

•specimens are housed there. Cuticle specimens on microscope slides and SEM stubs are currently housed at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide. (Carpenter et al., 2010)

Primary reference: D. E. Lee, J. M. Bannister, and J. K. Lindqvist. 2007. Late Oligocene — Early Miocene leaf macrofossils confirm a long history of Agathis in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 45(4):565-578 [C. Jaramillo/C. Jaramillo]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 169981: authorized by Carlos Jaramillo, entered by Carlos Jaramillo on 09.06.2015

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names

Nyssapollenites
-	Nyssapollenites endobalteus⁶ Nyssapollenites endobalteus⁶ Mildenhall and Pocknall 1989 (Mallotus/Macaranga, Euphorbiaceae
Equisetopsida
Pinidae - Pinidae	Agathis sp., Araucariacites cf. australis Agathis sp. Salisbury 1807 aff. A. australis Araucariacites cf. australis Cookson 1947
Ginkgoopsida
Ephedrales -	Equisetosporites notensis⁶ Equisetosporites notensis⁶ Romero 1977 Ephedra, Ephedraceae
Dicotyledoneae
Myrtales -	Myrtaceidites sp.⁶ Myrtaceidites sp.⁶ Cookson and Pike 1960 Myrtaceae
Ericales - Ericaceae	Ericaceae indet.⁶, Ericipites sp.⁶, Richeaphyllum waimumuensis n. sp.⁷, Cyathodophyllum novaezelandiae n. gen. n. sp.⁷ Ericaceae indet.⁶ Jussieu 1789 heather Ericipites sp.⁶ Wodehouse 1933 heather Ericaceae s.l. Richeaphyllum waimumuensis n. sp.⁷ Jordan et al. 2010 heather Cyathodophyllum novaezelandiae n. gen. n. sp.⁷ Jordan et al. 2010 heather
Angiospermae
Sapindales - Sapindaceae	cf. Alectryon sp.⁶ cf. Alectryon sp.⁶ Gaertner 1788 soapberry Sapindaceae
Fagales - Casuarinaceae	Gymnostoma sp.⁶ Gymnostoma sp.⁶ Johnson 1980 Casuarinaceae
Fagales - Nothofagaceae	Nothofagus palustris n. sp.² Nothofagus palustris n. sp.² Carpenter et al. 2014
Oxalidales - Cunoniaceae	Cunoniaceae indet.⁶ Cunoniaceae indet.⁶ Brown 1814
Gunnerales -	Tricolpites reticulatus⁶ Tricolpites reticulatus⁶ Couper 1953 Gunnera
Proteales -	cf. Beauprea sp.¹ cf. Beauprea sp.¹ Brongniart and Gris 1871
Proteales - Proteaceae	Proteaceae sp.¹, Proteaceae spp.⁶, Persoonieaephyllum villosum n. sp.³, Persoonieaephyllum ornatum n. gen. n. sp.³, Euproteaciphyllum amphistomaticum n. sp.¹, Euproteaciphyllum pinnatum n. sp.¹, Banksia novaezelandiae n. sp.⁵ Proteaceae sp.¹ de Jussieu 1789 Proteaceae spp.⁶ de Jussieu 1789 Persoonieaephyllum villosum n. sp.³ Carpenter et al. 2010 Persoonieaephyllum ornatum n. gen. n. sp.³ Carpenter et al. 2010 Euproteaciphyllum amphistomaticum n. sp.¹ Carpenter et al. 2012 Euproteaciphyllum pinnatum n. sp.¹ Carpenter et al. 2012 Banksia novaezelandiae n. sp.⁵ Carpenter et al. 2010
Apiales - Araliaceae	cf. Schefflera sp.⁶ cf. Schefflera sp.⁶ Forster and Forster 1775 Araliaceae
Poales - Restionaceae	Milfordia homeopunctata⁶ Milfordia homeopunctata⁶ Partridge 1973 Joinvilleaceae/Restionaceae
Asparagales - Asphodelaceae	Phormium sp.⁶ Phormium sp.⁶ Forster and Forster 1775 Asparagaceae
Chloranthales - Chloranthaceae	Clavatipollenites ascarinoides⁶ Clavatipollenites ascarinoides⁶ Ascarina, Chloranthaceae
Magnoliopsida
-	Tetracolporites spectabilis⁶, Haloragacidites harrisii⁶, Rhoipites aralioides⁶, Rhoipites alveolatus⁶ Tetracolporites spectabilis⁶ Pocknall and Mildenhall 1984 Dysoxylum, Meliaceae Haloragacidites harrisii⁶ Mildenhall and Harris 1971 Casuarinaceae Rhoipites aralioides⁶ Rhoipites alveolatus⁶ Couper 1953 [cf.Euphorbia glauca, Euphorbiaceae

Coniferales - Cupressaceae	Cupressaceae indet.⁸ Cupressaceae indet.⁸ Gray 1822 cypress
Coniferales - Podocarpaceae	Podosporites brevisaccatus⁸, Podosporites parvus⁸, Podocarpidites rugulatus⁸, Podocarpidites ellipticus⁸, Dacrycarpites australiensis⁸, Microalatidites paleogenicus⁸, Dacrydium waimumuensis n. sp.⁸, Dacrydium microphyllum n. sp.⁸, Halocarpus highstedii n. sp.⁸, Microcachrys novaezelandiae n. sp.⁴, Parvisaccites catastus⁸, Phyllocladidites mawsonii⁸, Phyllocladus elongatus n. sp.⁸, Dacrycarpus microfolius n. sp.⁸, Microcachryidites antarcticus⁸, Podocarpus sp.⁸, Dacrydiumites praecupressinoides⁸ Podosporites brevisaccatus⁸ podocarp Podosporites parvus⁸ Mildenhall 1978 podocarp Podocarpidites rugulatus⁸ podocarp Podocarpidites ellipticus⁸ Cookson 1947 podocarp Dacrycarpites australiensis⁸ Cookson and Pike 1953 podocarp Microalatidites paleogenicus⁸ Mildenhall and Pocknall 1989 podocarp Dacrydium waimumuensis n. sp.⁸ Jordan et al. 2011 podocarp Dacrydium microphyllum n. sp.⁸ Jordan et al. 2011 podocarp Halocarpus highstedii n. sp.⁸ Jordan et al. 2011 podocarp Microcachrys novaezelandiae n. sp.⁴ Carpenter et al. 2011 podocarp Parvisaccites catastus⁸ Stover and Partridge 1973 podocarp Phyllocladidites mawsonii⁸ Cookson 1947 podocarp Phyllocladus elongatus n. sp.⁸ Jordan et al. 2011 podocarp Dacrycarpus microfolius n. sp.⁸ Jordan et al. 2011 podocarp Microcachryidites antarcticus⁸ Couper 1953 podocarp Podocarpus sp.⁸ L'Heritier and Persoon 1807 podocarp Dacrydiumites praecupressinoides⁸ podocarp
Polypodiopsida
- Gleicheniaceae	Dicranopteris sp.⁶ Dicranopteris sp.⁶ Bernhardi 1805 Gleicheniaceae
Gleicheniales - Polypodiidae	Dictyophyllidites arcuatus⁶ Dictyophyllidites arcuatus⁶ Pocknall and Mildenhall 1984

¹Carpenter et al. 2012; ²Carpenter et al. 2014; ³Carpenter et al. 2010; ⁴Carpenter et al. 2011; ⁵Carpenter et al. 2010; ⁶Ferguson et al. 2010; ⁷Jordan et al. 2010; ⁸Jordan et al. 2011