PBDB Collection

Cerro Observatorio (Miocene of Argentina)

Also known as Monte Observación of Ameghino

Where: Santa Cruz, Argentina (50.6° S, 69.1° W: paleocoordinates 51.2° S, 63.4° W)

• coordinate stated in text

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Santa Cruz Formation, Santacrucian (17.5 - 16.3 Ma)

• formation-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: terrestrial; lithology not reported

Size class: mesofossils

Primary reference: S. F. Vizcaíno, R. F. Kay, and M. S. Bargo. 2012. Background for a paleoecological study of the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene) on the Atlantic Coast of Patagonia. In S. F. Vizcaíno, R. F. Kay, M. S. Bargo (eds.), Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation 1-22 [J. Zijlstra/J. Zijlstra/J. Zijlstra]more details

Purpose of describing collection: paleoecologic analysis

PaleoDB collection 176570: authorized by Jelle Zijlstra, entered by Jelle Zijlstra on 17.02.2016, edited by Miranta Kouvari, Grace Varnham and Kateryn Pino

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names

Reptilia
Squamata - Colubridae	"Colubridae" indet.⁸ "Colubridae" indet.⁸ Oppel 1811 colubrid snake MACN-PV SC3315-9, incomplete trunk vertebrae
Mammalia
-	Mammalia indet.¹³ Mammalia indet.¹³ Linnaeus 1758 mammal MACN-A 7781, distal humerus, labeled as "Plagiocoelus? latus". According to McDonald et al. (2008), "It appears that this species was never formally described. The specimen cannot be assigned to Plagiocoelus and is probably not a vermilinguan."
Paucituberculata - Abderitidae	Abderites meridionalis¹ Abderites meridionalis¹ Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN-A 5542, dentary m1-4; MACN-A 2037, dentary p3-m4
Paucituberculata - Palaeothentidae	Acdestis lemairei¹, "Acdestis owenii" = Acdestis oweni¹, Propalaeothentes lepidus⁵, Palaeothentes intermedius¹, Palaeothentes pascuali¹, Palaeothentes lemoinei¹, Palaeothentes aratae¹, Palaeothentes minutus¹ Acdestis lemairei¹ Bown and Fleagle 1993 marsupial "Acdestis owenii" = Acdestis oweni¹ Ameghino 1887 marsupial Propalaeothentes lepidus⁵ Bown and Fleagle 1993 marsupial SC-2903 Palaeothentes intermedius¹ Ameghino 1887 marsupial Palaeothentes pascuali¹ Bown and Fleagle 1993 marsupial Palaeothentes lemoinei¹ Ameghino 1887 marsupial Palaeothentes aratae¹ Moreno 1882 marsupial Palaeothentes minutus¹ Ameghino 1887 marsupial
Paucituberculata - Pichipilidae	Phonocdromus gracilis¹² Phonocdromus gracilis¹² Ameghino 1894 marsupial MACN 5722, dentary p3
Paucituberculata - Caenolestidae	"Stilotherium dissimile" = Stilotherium dissimile¹², "Garzonia minima n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹², "Halmarhiphus nanus n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹², "Pichipilus exilis n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹², "Garzonia typica n. gen. n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹², "Garzonia annectens n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹² "Stilotherium dissimile" = Stilotherium dissimile¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5701, dentary p2, m1-3; 5702, dentary p1-2, m1-2; 5710, dentary m1-3; 5723, dentary p2-3, parts of m1-2 (coll. 1890-91); 8456, dentary m2-4 (coll. 1891-92) "Garzonia minima n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5709, dentary m2-4 "Halmarhiphus nanus n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5720, dentary m2-3 "Pichipilus exilis n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5698, dentary m3 "Garzonia typica n. gen. n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5700, dentary p2-3, m1-2 "Garzonia annectens n. sp." = Stilotherium dissimile¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5703, dentary m1-4
Microbiotheria - Microbiotheriidae	"Microbiotherium patagonicum" = Microbiotherium patagonicum¹², "Hadrorhynchus conspicuus n. sp." = Microbiotherium patagonicum¹², "Stylognathus diprotodontoides n. sp." = Microbiotherium patagonicum¹², "Prodidelphys acicula n. sp." = Microbiotherium acicula¹², "Prodidelphys pavita n. sp." = Microbiotherium acicula¹², "Prodidelphys obtusa n. sp." = Microbiotherium acicula¹², "Microbiotherium tehuelchum" = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹², "Eodidelphys fortis n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹², "Hadrorhynchus tortor n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹², "Eodidelphys famula n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹², "Microbiotherium forticulum n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹², "Hadrorhynchus torvus n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹², "Phonocdromus patagonicus n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹², "Halmarhiphus didelpoides n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² "Microbiotherium patagonicum" = Microbiotherium patagonicum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5721, dentary m2-3 (syntype of _Halmarhiphus nanus_); MACN 5704, dentary m3-4 (?syntype of _Garzonia annectens_) "Hadrorhynchus conspicuus n. sp." = Microbiotherium patagonicum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5740, dentary p2-m1, type "Stylognathus diprotodontoides n. sp." = Microbiotherium patagonicum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5728, dentary m2-4, lectotype "Prodidelphys acicula n. sp." = Microbiotherium acicula¹² Ameghino 1891 marsupial MACN 5735, dentary c-m1, type; MACN 5727, dentary p3-m4, syntype (but not lectotype) of _Stylognathus diprotodontoides_ "Prodidelphys pavita n. sp." = Microbiotherium acicula¹² Ameghino 1891 marsupial MACN 5736, dentary p1-3, type "Prodidelphys obtusa n. sp." = Microbiotherium acicula¹² Ameghino 1891 marsupial MACN 5737, dentary c, type "Microbiotherium tehuelchum" = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5724, dentary p3; 5726, dentary p3; 5730, dentary p3-m1, m3-4; 5731, dentary m1, m3; 5733, dentary p2-m3; 5734, dentary c-p3; (coll. 1890-91); 8477, dentary p2-m2; 8478, dentary m2 (coll. 1891-92); 8475, dentary p3-m4; 8476, dentary p1-3, m1 talonid; 8506, dentary p1-m4; 8507, dentary m2-4 (coll. 1892-93); and types of synonyms "Eodidelphys fortis n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5729, dentary p1-m4 "Hadrorhynchus tortor n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5738, dentary p3 "Eodidelphys famula n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5732, dentary p1-m4 "Microbiotherium forticulum n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5725, dentary p1-m1 "Hadrorhynchus torvus n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5739, dentary p2-3 "Phonocdromus patagonicus n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5741, dentary "Halmarhiphus didelpoides n. sp." = Microbiotherium tehuelchum¹² Ameghino 1887 marsupial MACN 5716, dentary m1-2
Sparassodonta -	"Cladosictis patagonica" = Cladosictis patagonica¹¹, "Ictioborus fenestratus n. sp." = Cladosictis patagonica¹¹, "Agustylus minus n. sp." = Cladosictis patagonica¹¹, "Protoproviverra ensidens n. sp." = Cladosictis patagonica¹¹, Anatherium defossus n. gen. n. sp.¹¹, "Sipalocyon pusillus n. sp." = Pseudonotictis pusillus¹¹, Perathereutes pungens n. gen. n. sp.¹¹, "Sipalocyon gracilis n. sp." = Sipalocyon gracilis¹¹, "Perathereutes amputans n. sp." = Sipalocyon gracilis¹¹, "Perathereutes obtusus n. sp." = Sipalocyon gracilis¹¹, "Amphiproviverra minuta n. sp." = Sipalocyon gracilis¹¹, "Protoproviverra obusta n. sp." = Sipalocyon obusta¹¹ "Cladosictis patagonica" = Cladosictis patagonica¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 639, C; MACN 640, C; MACN 641, maxillary M1; MACN 673, dentary c-m4; MACN 674, dentary p3-m4; MACN 675a, dentary right m1-2, left m1-3; MACN 690, maxillary P3; MACN 9350, mailla P2-M4; MACN 9351, mandible m2-3 "Ictioborus fenestratus n. sp." = Cladosictis patagonica¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 664, dentary p2, m2-3 "Agustylus minus n. sp." = Cladosictis patagonica¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 671, dentary m2-4; MACN 672, dentary m2-4 (same individual, both form the holotype) "Protoproviverra ensidens n. sp." = Cladosictis patagonica¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 689, dentary p1-3 Anatherium defossus n. gen. n. sp.¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 646, dentary p3, m3; MACN 669, dentary p2, holotype "Sipalocyon pusillus n. sp." = Pseudonotictis pusillus¹¹ Ameghino 1891 metatherian MACN 666, right dentary, holotype Perathereutes pungens n. gen. n. sp.¹¹ Ameghino 1891 metatherian MACN-A 684, dentary m1-4, holotype "Sipalocyon gracilis n. sp." = Sipalocyon gracilis¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 667, dentary c-p2; MACN 668, dentary m1-3; MACN 6286, dentary p2-3; MACN 647, mandible p2-m2, holotype; MACN 688, maxilla P1; MACN 704, maxilla M2-3 "Perathereutes amputans n. sp." = Sipalocyon gracilis¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 682, dentary m1-3 "Perathereutes obtusus n. sp." = Sipalocyon gracilis¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 683, dentary m1-2 "Amphiproviverra minuta n. sp." = Sipalocyon gracilis¹¹ Ameghino 1887 metatherian MACN 685, partial M2 "Protoproviverra obusta n. sp." = Sipalocyon obusta¹¹ Ameghino 1891 metatherian MACN 686, dentary m1-2, m4; 687, dentary fragment; both are one individual
Sparassodonta - Borhyaenidae	"Prothylacynus patagonicus" = Prothylacynus patagonicus¹⁰, "Borhyaena excavata n. sp." = Prothylacynus patagonicus¹⁰, Borhyaena tuberata¹⁴ "Prothylacynus patagonicus" = Prothylacynus patagonicus¹⁰ Ameghino 1891 metatherian MACN 670, M2 "Borhyaena excavata n. sp." = Prothylacynus patagonicus¹⁰ Ameghino 1891 metatherian MACN 649, canine, lectotype Borhyaena tuberata¹⁴ Ameghino 1887 metatherian
Notoungulata - Toxodontidae	Adinotherium sp.⁶ Adinotherium sp.⁶ Ameghino 1887 notoungulate AMNH 9532, cranium
Notoungulata - Hegetotheriidae	Pachyrukhos sp.¹⁵ Pachyrukhos sp.¹⁵ Ameghino 1885 notoungulate
Notoungulata - Interatheriidae	Protypotherium australe⁷, Protypotherium compressidens⁷, Protypotherium praerutilum⁷ Protypotherium australe⁷ Moreno 1882 notoungulate Protypotherium compressidens⁷ Ameghino 1891 notoungulate Protypotherium praerutilum⁷ Ameghino 1887 notoungulate
Theriamorpha -	Anathitus revelator n. gen. n. sp.¹³ Anathitus revelator n. gen. n. sp.¹³ Ameghino 1894 edentate "Type = MACN A-7782 distal right humerus (pathological), A-7783 lumbar (missing)"
Megatherioidea - Megalonychidae	Hapalops sp.⁴ Hapalops sp.⁴ Ameghino 1887 edentate YPM-VPPU 15836, postcrania
Cingulata - Peltephilidae	Anantiosodon rarus¹⁶, Peltephilus ferox¹⁶ Anantiosodon rarus¹⁶ Ameghino 1891 edentate MACN-A 5119, mandible Peltephilus ferox¹⁶ Ameghino 1891 edentate MACN-A 4901, skull
Cingulata - Dasypodidae	"Proeutatus carinatus" = Eutatus carinatus¹⁶, "Proeutatus deleo" = Eutatus deleo¹⁶ "Proeutatus carinatus" = Eutatus carinatus¹⁶ Ameghino 1891 armadillo MACN-A 8041–8042, carapace fragment and osteoderms "Proeutatus deleo" = Eutatus deleo¹⁶ Ameghino 1891 armadillo MACN-A 4800–4802, mandible, osteoderms, molariform
Cingulata - Chlamyphoridae	Stenotatus hesternus¹⁶, Stenotatus patagonicus¹⁶, Stenotatus cf. patagonicus¹⁶ Stenotatus hesternus¹⁶ Ameghino 1889 edentate MACN-A 4873, carapace and bone fragments Stenotatus patagonicus¹⁶ Ameghino 1887 edentate MACN-A 4874–4875, mandible and osteoderms; MACN-A 7801–7802, fragment of mandible and osteoderms Stenotatus cf. patagonicus¹⁶ Ameghino 1887 edentate MACN-Pv Sc406, skull, postcrania
Cingulata - Propalaehoplophoridae	"Eucinepeltus petesatus n. gen. n. sp." = Encinepeltus petesatus¹⁶ "Eucinepeltus petesatus n. gen. n. sp." = Encinepeltus petesatus¹⁶ Ameghino 1891 edentate MACN-A 4758, skull; 4760, mandible; 4761, mandible
Theriamorpha -	Adiastaltus procerus n. sp.¹³ Adiastaltus procerus n. sp.¹³ Ameghino 1894 edentate MACN A-7779, distal humerus
Rodentia -	Acarechimys sp.³, Acarechimys minutus³, Acarechimys gracilis³, "Acarechimys minutissimus" = Acarechimys minutissimus³, "Sciamys tenuissimus" = Acarechimys minutissimus³, "Stichomys diminutus n. sp." = Acarechimys minutissimus³ Acarechimys sp.³ Patterson 1965 caviomorph MACN-A 4062, MACN-A 4067 Acarechimys minutus³ Patterson and Pascual 1967 caviomorph MACN-A 4072a, MACN-A 4073 Acarechimys gracilis³ Ameghino 1891 caviomorph MACN-A 4060, MACN-A 4068 "Acarechimys minutissimus" = Acarechimys minutissimus³ Ameghino 1887 caviomorph MACN-A 4072b, MACN-A 4265, MACN-A 4266 "Sciamys tenuissimus" = Acarechimys minutissimus³ Ameghino 1887 caviomorph MACN-A 4145,6 (syntype Sciamys tenuissimus) "Stichomys diminutus n. sp." = Acarechimys minutissimus³ Ameghino 1887 caviomorph MACN-A 4265
Rodentia - Acaremyidae	Acaremys murinus², Acaremys tricarinatus n. sp.² Acaremys murinus² Ameghino 1887 caviomorph MACN PV SC1694, SC1831 Acaremys tricarinatus n. sp.² Ameghino 1894 caviomorph MACN A 4113, holotype
Rodentia - Abrocomidae	"Acarechimys constans" = Ameghinomys constans³ "Acarechimys constans" = Ameghinomys constans³ Ameghino 1887 chinchilla rat MACN-A 4058, MACN-A 4061, MACN-A 4064, MACN-A 4074MACN-A 4075
Rodentia - Chinchillidae	Prolagostomus sp.¹⁵ Prolagostomus sp.¹⁵ Ameghino 1887 chinchilid
Primates - Homunculidae	"Homunculus patagonicus" = Homunculus patagonicus⁹, "Stilotherium grande n. sp." = Homunculus patagonicus⁹, "Pitheculus australis n. gen. n. sp." = Homunculus patagonicus⁹ "Homunculus patagonicus" = Homunculus patagonicus⁹ Ameghino 1891 monkey MACN-A 5969, left mandible with ascending ramus and partial condyle with m2 and alveolus for m3; MACN-A 10403, dentary m1-2; MACN SC 1149, m2? (Stake 147); 274, M3; 275, C; 332, incisor (Stake 22); 334, M2 (Stake 13); 335, C (Stake 2); 336, dentary m1-2 (Stake 28); 337, M2 (Stake 19); 338, m1 (Stake 69); 339, dentary m1-2 (Stake 69); 341, m1 (Stake 29); 402, c (Stake 110); 2916, P3 (Stake 206); 2918, m2 (Stake 206); 3026, p4 (Stake 7); 3089, I1; 3090, m2?; 3112, M2 (Stake 19); 3114, i1 (Stake 19); 3200, m2; 3116, p2 (Stake 25); 342, M2 (Stake 54) "Stilotherium grande n. sp." = Homunculus patagonicus⁹ Ameghino 1891 monkey MACN-A 8648, right dp4 "Pitheculus australis n. gen. n. sp." = Homunculus patagonicus⁹ Ameghino 1891 monkey MACN-A 5966, left mandibular fragment with m2, type
Panameriungulata - Proterotheriidae	Thoatherium minusculum⁶, Diadiaphorus majusculus⁶, "Anisolophus australis" = Proterotherium australe⁶ Thoatherium minusculum⁶ Ameghino 1887 placental MACN-A 2958, mandible Diadiaphorus majusculus⁶ Ameghino 1887 placental MACN-A 9137, cranium "Anisolophus australis" = Proterotherium australe⁶ Burmeister 1879 placental MACN-A 2832, tibia
Panameriungulata - Macraucheniidae	Theosodon lydekkeri⁶ Theosodon lydekkeri⁶ Ameghino 1887 placental MACN-A 2545–57, tibia; 9252–53, tibia
-	Plagiocoelus obliquus n. gen. n. sp.¹³ Plagiocoelus obliquus n. gen. n. sp.¹³ Ameghino 1894 mammal MACN-A 7780, distal humerus

¹Abello et al. 2012; ²Arnal and Vucetich 2015; ³Arnal et al. 2017; ⁴Bargo et al. 2012; ⁵Bown and Fleagle 1993; ⁶Cassini et al. 2012; ⁷Fernández et al. 2023; ⁸Fernicola and Albino 2012; ⁹Kay et al. 2012; ¹⁰Marshall 1979; ¹¹Marshall 1981; ¹²Marshall 1982; ¹³McDonald et al. 2008; ¹⁴Prevosti et al. 2012; ¹⁵Vizcaíno et al. 2021; ¹⁶Vizcaíno et al. 2012