PBDB Collection

Conard Fissure (Pleistocene of the United States)

Where: Newton County, Arkansas (36.0° N, 93.2° W: paleocoordinates 36.0° N, 93.0° W)

• coordinate based on political unit

When: Irvingtonian (1.8 - 0.3 Ma)

Environment/lithology: terrestrial

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Primary reference: J. W. Gidley and C. L. Gazin. 1938. The Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. United States National Museum Bulletin 171:1-99 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]more details

PaleoDB collection 20290: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 18.02.1993, edited by Terri Cleary, Grace Varnham and Jonathan Marcot

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• "Microtus ochrogaster" is presumably not present

Show authors, comments, and common names

Reptilia
Squamata - Crotalidae	Crotalus sp.³, ? Crotalus sp.² Crotalus sp.³ Linnaeus 1758 rattlesnake AMNH 6404, left articular ? Crotalus sp.² Linnaeus 1758 rattlesnake
Squamata - Colubridae	Carphophis sp.², Heterodon sp.², Thamnophis sirtalis², Elaphe sp.², Elaphe guttata², Elaphe vulpina², Pituophis sp.³, Pituophis melanoleucus², Coluber flagellum², Coluber sp.², Coluber cf. constrictor³, Coluber constrictor², Lampropeltis doliata², Lampropeltis getulus², Lampropeltis ? calligaster² Carphophis sp.² Gervais 1840 worm snake Heterodon sp.² Latreille 1801 hog-nosed snake Thamnophis sirtalis² Linnaeus garter snake Elaphe sp.² Wagler 1833 colubrid snake Elaphe guttata² Linnaeus 1766 corn snake Elaphe vulpina² Baird and Girard 1853 fox snake Pituophis sp.³ Holbrook 1842 gopher snake vertebrae Pituophis melanoleucus² Daudin 1803 pine snake Coluber flagellum² racer Coluber sp.² Linnaeus 1758 racer Coluber cf. constrictor³ Linnaeus 1758 black racer Coluber constrictor² Linnaeus 1758 black racer Lampropeltis doliata² colubrid snake Lampropeltis getulus² Linnaeus 1766 kingsnake Lampropeltis ? calligaster² Harlan 1827 prairie kingsnake
Mammalia
Perissodactyla - Equidae	"Equus ? scotti" = Equus mexicanus "Equus ? scotti" = Equus mexicanus Hibbard 1955 horse
Artiodactyla - Cervidae	Cervus sp.¹, Odocoileus virginianus⁴ Cervus sp.¹ Linnaeus 1758 deer Odocoileus virginianus⁴ Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer presumably includes "O. hemionus(?)"
Artiodactyla - Bovidae	Bootherium bombifrons¹ Bootherium bombifrons¹ Harlan 1825 antelope
Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae	Mylohyus fossilis¹ Mylohyus fossilis¹ Leidy 1860 peccary
Carnivora - Felidae	Smilodon fatalis¹, Lynx rufus⁴, Miracinonyx studeri¹, Panthera onca⁴ Smilodon fatalis¹ Leidy 1868 saber-toothed cat Lynx rufus⁴ Schreber 1777 bobcat presumably includes "L. compressus"; also mentioned by Werdelin 1985 Miracinonyx studeri¹ Savage 1960 American cheetah Panthera onca⁴ Linnaeus 1758 jaguar suggested by Simpson 1941b, and called into question by Seymour 1993
Carnivora - Canidae	Vulpes sp.¹, Urocyon cinereoargenteus⁴, Canis armbrusteri⁶, Canis latrans⁵ Vulpes sp.¹ Frisch 1775 fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus⁴ Schreber 1775 gray fox Canis armbrusteri⁶ Gidley 1913 canine Canis latrans⁵ Say 1823 coyote
Carnivora - Ursidae	Ursus americanus¹ Ursus americanus¹ Pallas 1780 black bear
Carnivora - Procyonidae	Procyon lotor Procyon lotor Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
Carnivora - Mustelidae	Mustela erminea⁴, "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison, "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata⁴, "Martes diluviana" = Pekania diluviana⁴ Mustela erminea⁴ Linnaeus 1758 stoat "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison Schreber 1777 mink "Mustela frenata" = Neogale frenata⁴ Lichtenstein 1831 long-tailed weasel "Martes diluviana" = Pekania diluviana⁴ Cope 1889 mustelid carnivore presumably includes "M. pennanti" (also suspected by Hall 1936)
Carnivora - Mephitidae	Mephitis mephitis¹, Brachyprotoma obtusata¹, Spilogale ? putorius¹ Mephitis mephitis¹ Schreber 1776 striped skunk Brachyprotoma obtusata¹ Cope 1899 short-faced skunk Spilogale ? putorius¹ Linnaeus 1758 eastern spotted skunk
Theriamorpha - Talpidae	Scalopus aquaticus Scalopus aquaticus Linnaeus 1758 eastern mole
Theriamorpha - Soricidae	Sorex cinereus¹, Sorex monticolus¹, Sorex fumeus, Sorex minutus¹, Blarina brevicauda Sorex cinereus¹ Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew Sorex monticolus¹ Merriam 1890 montane shrew Sorex fumeus Miller 1895 smoky shrew Sorex minutus¹ Eurasian pygmy shrew Blarina brevicauda Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew includes type of "B. ozarkensis": see Jones et al. 1984
Rodentia - Erethizontidae	Erethizon dorsatum Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine
Rodentia - Cricetidae	Neotoma ozarkensis, Reithrodontomys sp., Peromyscus sp., Pitymys cumberlandensis¹, "Pedomys llanensis" = Microtus llanensis¹, Microtus paroperarius, Ondatra annectens Neotoma ozarkensis Brown 1908 pack rat i.d. accepted by Zakrzewski 1993 Reithrodontomys sp. Giglioli 1874 harvest mouse not clear what "R. simplicidens" is Peromyscus sp. Gloger 1841 deer mouse Pitymys cumberlandensis¹ van der Meulen 1978 vole "Pedomys llanensis" = Microtus llanensis¹ Hibbard 1944 vole Microtus paroperarius Hibbard 1944 vole Ondatra annectens Brown 1908 muskrat
Rodentia - Geomyidae	Geomys bursarius⁴ Geomys bursarius⁴ Shaw 1800 plains pocket gopher
Rodentia - Castoridae	Castor canadensis Castor canadensis Kuhl 1820 American beaver
Rodentia - Sciuridae	Tamiasciurus hudsonicus¹, Spermophilus ? tridecemlineatus¹, Marmota monax Tamiasciurus hudsonicus¹ Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel Spermophilus ? tridecemlineatus¹ Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel Marmota monax Linnaeus 1758 groundhog
Lagomorpha - Leporidae	Sylvilagus ? floridanus, Lepus alleni¹, Lepus ? americanus Sylvilagus ? floridanus Allen 1890 eastern cottontail Lepus alleni¹ Mearns 1890 antelope jackrabbit Lepus ? americanus Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare
Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus fuscus¹, "Myotis leibi" = Myotis leibii⁴ Eptesicus fuscus¹ Beauvois 1796 big brown bat "Myotis leibi" = Myotis leibii⁴ Audubon and Bachman 1842 vesper bat a bat; presumably = "M. subulatus(?)"

¹Alroy 2002; ²Dowling 1958; ³Gilmore 1938; ⁴Kurten and Anderson 1980; ⁵Nowak 1979; ⁶Tedford et al. 2009