Swartkrans - Member 1 (Pleistocene of South Africa)

Also known as ETE Locality 642, Orange Breccia, Pink Breccia

Where: South Africa (26.0° S, 27.7° E: paleocoordinates 26.2° S, 27.5° E)

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: 11 Member (Swartkrans Formation), Early/Lower Pleistocene (2.6 - 0.8 Ma)

• ETE dating method: composite, ETE age comment: age=Pleistocene=approx. 1.7 my based on hominid and faunal evidence

Environment/lithology: wet floodplain; breccia

• ETE sed env 1: ., ETE sed env 2: . ETE event: ., ETE env comment: repeated mudfl. resulting from soil run off
• ETE rock type adj: breccia, ETE lithology comments: Matrix is secondary calcified reddish brown sandy silt, flowstone interlaminations , lenticular beds, travertine, brecc.

Collection methods: bulk, quarrying, surface (float)

• ETE Size: both; ETE reference list: 478, ; ETE museum list: TM

Primary reference: C. K. Brain. 1994. The Swartkrans Palaeontological Research Project in perspective: results and conclusions. South African Journal of Science 90:220-223 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/M. Kosnik]more details

Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis

PaleoDB collection 21824: authorized by Anna Behrensmeyer, entered by Anna Behrensmeyer on 17.10.1995, edited by John Damuth, Richard Potts and Hannah O'Regan

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

unclassified
  -
Chyrsochloridae indet.
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Dendromurinae
Gastropoda
 Stylommatophora - Achatinidae
cf. Achatina sp. Lamarck 1799 slug
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: mak - replaced genus name sp. with family name, species name "Achatidae" pulled in favor of sp.
Reptilia
  -
Reptilia indet. Laurenti 1768 reptile
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Lacertilia
Reptilia indet. Laurenti 1768 reptile
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Reptilia
Reptilia indet. Laurenti 1768 reptile
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Chelonia
Aves
  -
Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758 bird
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves
 Ciconiiformes - Plataleidae
Plataleidae indet. Bonaparte 1838 spoonbill
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: ibis
 Galliformes - Phasianidae
Phasianidae indet. Horsfield 1821 pheasant
ETE occurrence; species: Francolin
Mammalia
  -
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758 mammal
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Mammalia
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758 mammal
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Carnivora
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758 mammal
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hyracoidea
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758 mammal
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Lagomorpha
 Hyracoidea - Procaviidae
Procavia antiqua Broom 1934 Cape hyrax
Procavia transvaalensis Shaw 1937 Cape hyrax
 Tubulidentata - Orycteropodidae
Orycteropus afer Pallas 1766 aardvark
 Macroscelidea - Macroscelididae
Elephantulus sp. Thomas and Schwann 1906 elephant shrew
Elephantulus langi elephant shrew
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: subgen.Elephantomys
Elephantulus cf. brachyrhynchus Smith 1834 Short-snouted elephant shrew
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: mak - subgenus name taken from unique name field
 Theriamorpha - Chrysochloridae
Amblysomus spelea African golden mole
ETE occurrence; species: subgen.Chlorotalpa
 Proboscidea - Elephantidae
cf. Elephas sp. Linnaeus 1758 elephant
 Carnivora - Herpestidae
Herpestes ichneumon Linnaeus 1758 Egyptian mongoose
 Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Hyaenidae indet. Gray 1821 hyaena
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hyaenidae
Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777 spotted hyaena
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: ultra
Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777 spotted hyaena
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: venustula
Proteles sp. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1824 hyaena
Proteles transvaalensis Hendey 1974 hyaena
Parahyaena brunnea2 Thunberg 1820 brown hyaena
Parahyaena brunnea2 Thunberg 1820 brown hyaena
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: dispar
Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955 hyaena
Chasmaporthetes nitidula1 Ewer 1955 hyaena
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: A-Swartkrans(prim)
Chasmaporthetes nitidula1 Ewer 1955 hyaena
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: B-Swartkrans(Adv)
Chasmaporthetes nitidula1 Ewer 1955 hyaena
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: uncertain_Swartkrans
 Carnivora - Viverridae
Viverridae indet. Gray 1821 civet
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: mongoose
 Carnivora - Felidae
Panthera pardus Linnaeus 1758 leopard
Panthera leo Linnaeus 1758 lion
"Felis serval" = Caracal serval Schreber 1776 serval
"Felis caracal" = Caracal caracal Schreber 1776 caracal
Dinofelis sp. Zdansky 1924 cat
Megantereon sp. Croizet and Jobert 1828 cat
 Carnivora - Mustelidae
Aonyx capensis Schinz 1821 African clawless otter
 Carnivora - Canidae
Canidae indet., Vulpes pulcher, "Canis cf. mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas, "Canis mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas
Canidae indet. Fischer de Waldheim 1817 canid
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: canidae
"Canis cf. mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas Schreber 1775 black-backed jackal
"Canis mesomelas" = Lupulella mesomelas Schreber 1775 black-backed jackal
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: pappos
 Perissodactyla - Equidae
Equidae indet., Equus capensis, "Hipparion libycum" = Eurygnathohippus libycum, "Hipparion libycum" = Eurygnathohippus libycum
Equidae indet. Gray 1821 horse
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Equidae
Equus capensis Broom 1909 horse
"Hipparion libycum" = Eurygnathohippus libycum Pomel 1897 hipparionine horse
"Hipparion libycum" = Eurygnathohippus libycum Pomel 1897 hipparionine horse
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: steytlieri
 Artiodactyla - Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus sp. Linnaeus 1758 hippo
 Artiodactyla - Suidae
Suidae indet. Gray 1821 pig
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Suidae
"cf. Tapinochoerus meadowsi" = Metridiochoerus pig
Metridiochoerus andrewsi Hopwood 1926 pig
Phacochoerus sp. Cuvier 1826 warthog
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Murinae
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: alcelaphine-med.
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size I
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae Size II
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae Size III
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae Size IV
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Antil./Neotragini
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: alcelaphine
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae
cf. Makapania sp. Wells and Cooke 1957 antelope
Beatragus sp. Heller 1912 hirola
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or Alcelaphus
cf. Megalotragus sp. van Hoepen 1932 antelope
Connochaetes sp. Lichtenstein 1812 wildebeest
cf. Connochaetes sp. Lichtenstein 1812 wildebeest
"Rabaticeras porrocornutus" = Numidocapra antelope
Damaliscus sp. Sclater and Thomas 1894 antelope
Damaliscus sp. Sclater and Thomas 1894 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: 121-Swartkrans
Redunca cf. arundinum Boddaert 1785 southern reedbuck
Hippotragini indet. Sundevall 1845 antelope
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hippotragini
Oreotragus cf. major klipspringer
Oreotragus oreotragus Zimmermann 1783 klipspringer
Raphicerus campestris Thunberg 1811 steenbok
Antidorcas sp. Sundevall 1847 springbok
"Antidorcas australis" = Antidorcas marsupialis australis Hendey and Hendey 1968 springbok
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or marsupialis
Pelea cf. capreolus Forster 1790 grey rhebok
cf. Gazella sp. Blaineville 1816 gazelle
Syncerus sp. Hodgson 1847 African buffalo
Tragelaphus cf. strepsiceros Pallas 1766 greater kudu
 Theriamorpha - Soricidae
Soricidae indet. Fischer 1814 shrew
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Soricidae
 Rodentia - Castoridae
 Rodentia - Nesomyidae
 Rodentia - Muridae
Tatera sp. Lataste 1882 large naked-soled gerbil
Tatera robinsoni large naked-soled gerbil
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: sp.nov.-Swartkrans
Lemniscomys sp. Trouessart 1881 striped grass mouse
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: sp.nov.-Swartkrans
Otomys gracilis mouse
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: subgen.Palaeotomys
Mus cf. minutoides house mouse
Mus cf. triton house mouse
Steatomys cf. pratensis Peters 1846 fat mouse
 Rodentia - Cricetidae
Cricetidae indet. Fischer von Waldheim 1817 mouse
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: Rodenta/Myomorpha
 Rodentia - Hystricidae
Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters 1852 Cape porcupine
 Rodentia - Bathyergidae
Cryptomys sp. Gray 1964 mole rat
 Rodentia - Pedetidae
Pedetes sp. Illiger 1811 springhaas
 Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Lepus sp. Linnaeus 1758 hare
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: sp.nov.-Swartkrans
 Primates - Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecidae indet. Gray 1821 monkey
ETE minimum number of individuals; species: papionid
Cercopithecidae indet. Gray 1821 monkey
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Cercopithecidae
Papio robinsoni Freedman 1957 baboon
Papio (Dinopithecus) ingens Broom 1937 monkey
Theropithecus oswaldi Andrews 1916 gelada
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: danieli
Parapapio jonesi Broom 1940 monkey
cf. Cercopithecoides sp. Mollett 1947 monkey
 Primates - Hominidae
Hominidae indet., Homo sp., "Australopithecus robustus" = Paranthropus robustus
Hominidae indet. Gray 1825 ape
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hominidae
Homo sp. Linnaeus 1758 human
"Australopithecus robustus" = Paranthropus robustus Broom 1938 australopithecine
Amphibia
  -
Amphibia indet. Linnaeus 1758 tetrapod
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: frog/toad
Adenota
  -
"Antidorcas cf. recki" = Adenota recki
"Antidorcas cf. recki" = Adenota recki Schwartz 1932