Livakos (Pleistocene to of Greece)

Also known as Libakos, LIV

Where: Kozani, Greece (40.3° N, 21.5° E: paleocoordinates 40.2° N, 21.4° E)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

• outcrop-level geographic resolution

When: Early/Lower Pleistocene to Early/Lower Pleistocene (2.6 - 0.0 Ma)

• Combining all the biochronological data, provided from the carnivores and the chronological ones from the neighbouring Greek localities, the Libakos fauna could be dated to late Villafranchian between ~2.0 and 1.5 Ma. As the study of the Libakos fauna (bovids, cervids, equids, proboscideans) is continued, new data will allow a more precise age determination.

Environment/lithology: terrestrial; sandstone

• cross-bedded sands, gravels and clays

Size class: macrofossils

Collected by Eltgen in 1979–1982

Collection methods: quarrying,

• The Libakos material was collected by Eltgen during the years 1979–1982 and housed for a long time in the Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Technischen Universitat Clausthal, Germany. In 2014, the Laboratory of Geology and Palaeontology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (LGPUT) asked from the above institute to give back the fossils and now they are stored in its collection.

Primary reference: G. D. Koufos. 2001. The Villafranchian mammalian faunas and biochronology of Greece. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 40(2):217-223 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan]more details

Purpose of describing collection: biostratigraphic analysis

PaleoDB collection 34764: authorized by Alan Turner, entered by Hannah O'Regan on 23.09.2003, edited by Evangelos Vlachos

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• The ursid of Libakos is represented by a calcaneus and a third phalanx. Both specimens are quite larger than U. etruscus and closer in size to the younger (middle Pleistocene) U. deningeri, and thus they are referred as Ursus sp. (Koufos et al. 2018). These two specimens probably originated from a younger horizon, and they are mixed with Libakos collection, or they are coming from surface collection.
unclassified
  -
Pontoceros ambiguus
Pontoceros ambiguus mediterraneus
Mammalia
 Proboscidea - Elephantidae
Mammuthus meridionalis Nesti 1825 mammoth
 Perissodactyla - Equidae
"Equus stenonis" = Allohippus stenonis
"Equus stenonis" = Allohippus stenonis Cocchi 1867 horse
Equus stenonis cf. mygdoniensis
 Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae
Stephanorhinus cf. etruscus2 Falconer 1868 rhinoceros
 Artiodactyla - Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 hippo
Hippopotamus amphibius antiquus
 Artiodactyla - Cervidae
Cervidae indet. Gray 1821 deer
? Eucladoceros sp. Falconer 1868 deer
"Pseudodama cf. nestii" = Metacervocerus deer
Pseudodama cf. nestii eurygonos
 Artiodactyla - Giraffidae
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
Leptobos sp. Rutimeyer 1878 antelope
? Leptobos sp. Rutimeyer 1878 antelope
 Carnivora - Felidae
Homotherium latidens1 Owen 1846 scimitar toothed cat
 Carnivora - Hyaenidae
"Hyaena brevirostris" = Pachycrocuta brevirostris
"Hyaena brevirostris" = Pachycrocuta brevirostris Gervais 1850 brown hyaena
Isolated right upper third premolar, LIB-232.
 Carnivora - Ursidae
Ursus sp. Linnaeus 1758 bear
 Carnivora - Mustelidae
Mustelidae indet. Fischer 1817 mustelid carnivore
Isolated right upper canine, LIB-237.
Pannonictis nestii1 Martelli 1906 mustelid carnivore
 Carnivora - Canidae
Canis cf. arnensis1 Del Campana 1913 canine
two species identified as Canis sp. A and B.
Canis cf. etruscus1 Forsyth Major 1877 canine
Right maxillary fragment with P4-M2, LIB-222; left i2, LIB-440; right i2, LIB-441; left i3, LIB-442; right i3, LIB-443.