Where: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (28.4° S, 32.3° E: paleocoordinates 28.8° S, 31.5° E)
• outcrop-level geographic resolution
When: Late/Upper Miocene (11.6 - 5.3 Ma)
• Lowest beds in the exposed section are marls, or yellow, sandy clays, which appear in the hillside overlooking the westward flats surrounding Lake Futululu. They are overlain by sandstone (20-30 ft) containing the collection. Succeeding yellow sands are 20 ft in thickness, but yield no fossils.
• bed-level stratigraphic resolution
Environment/lithology: coastal; poorly lithified, shelly/skeletal, yellow sandstone
Size class: macrofossils
Preservation: original aragonite, original calcite
Collection methods: quarrying,
• Originally collected by A. Martin (1952), subsequent collecting by L. King (1953) and Frankel (1960's). Some material lodged in Durban Museum.
Primary reference: L. K. King. 1954. A Miocene marine fauna from Zululand. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 61:59-91 [A. Miller/A. Hendy/S. Ávila]more details
Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis
PaleoDB collection 41473: authorized by Austin Hendy, entered by Austin Hendy on 14.07.2004
Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)
Taxonomic list
Arachnida | |
Galeodes kehla camel spider | |
Thecostraca | |
Balanus cf. amphitrite Darwin 1854 barnacle | |
Rhynchonellata | |
Terebratulina sp. d'Orbigny 1847 | |
Gymnolaemata | |
"Retepora cellulosa" = Reteporella
"Retepora cellulosa" = Reteporella | |
Bivalvia | |
"Nucula dowlingi" = Nucula (Pectinucula) dowlingi, Nucula sp.
"Nucula dowlingi" = Nucula (Pectinucula) dowlingi McLearn 1919 nut clam | |
"Scapharca inaequilateralis" = Anadara (Sectiarca) inaequilateralis, Scapharca praenatalensis
"Scapharca inaequilateralis" = Anadara (Sectiarca) inaequilateralis Maury 1917 ark | |
Cucullaea concamera clam | |
| |
"Ostrea cf. hyotis" = Hyotissa hyotis
"Ostrea cf. hyotis" = Hyotissa hyotis Linnaeus 1758 Honeycomb Oyster | |
"Ostrea hyotiformis" = Ostrea (Lopha) hyotiformis, Crassostrea prismatica, "Ostrea angulata" = Crassostrea angulata
"Ostrea hyotiformis" = Ostrea (Lopha) hyotiformis Philippi 1901 oyster
Crassostrea prismatica oyster
"Ostrea angulata" = Crassostrea angulata Sowerby 1840 oyster | |
Spondylus sp., Aequipecten uloa, "Amussium umfolozianum" = Amusium, Chlamys puzio, Chlamys sp., "Chlamys senatoria" = Mimachlamys senatoria, Sectipecten vasseli, Minnivola sapolwanaensis1
Spondylus sp. Linnaeus 1758 scallop
Aequipecten uloa scallop
"Amussium umfolozianum" = Amusium scallop
Chlamys puzio scallop
Chlamys sp. Röding 1798 scallop
"Chlamys senatoria" = Mimachlamys senatoria Gmelin 1791 scallop
Sectipecten vasseli scallop | |
Lima lima Linnaeus 1758 file clam | |
Placuna anomala scallop | |
Modiolus cf. capensis mussel | |
Modiolarca excavata clam | |
"Crassatellites cf. sulcatus" = Crassatella
"Crassatellites cf. sulcatus" = Crassatella clam | |
Solen capensis clam | |
"Corbula socialis" = Corbula (Anisocorbula) socialis
"Corbula socialis" = Corbula (Anisocorbula) socialis Martin 1879 clam | |
Teredo (Kuphus) polythalamia Linnaeus 1767 clam | |
Trachycardium cf. sindense cockle
Cardium papyraceum cockle | |
Gari elongata clam | |
Tellina ? regularis tellin clam | |
"Macrocallista erycina" = Costacallista erycina, Tapes sulcaria, Marcia (Levimarcia) paupercula, Antigona granosa
"Macrocallista erycina" = Costacallista erycina Linnaeaus 1758 venus clam
Tapes sulcaria venus clam
Marcia (Levimarcia) paupercula venus clam
Antigona granosa Sowerby 1840 venus clam | |
Lucina neasquamata clam
Loripes clausa clam | |
Gastropoda | |
| |
Hipponix sp. Defrance 1819 hoof shell | |
Polinices mamilla moon snail | |
Cassis achatina snail
Cassis cf. mombasana snail | |
"Ranella elegans" = Bufonaria elegans
"Ranella elegans" = Bufonaria elegans Sowerby 1836 frog shell | |
Cymatium sp. Röding 1798 triton shell | |
Tonna luteostoma tun shell
Tonna nkulunkulu tun shell | |
Ficus cf. condita Brongniart 1823 fig shell | |
"Cypraea aff. citrina" = Erosaria citrina
"Cypraea aff. citrina" = Erosaria citrina Gray 1850 cowry | |
"Trivia cf. oryza" = Trivirostra oryza
"Trivia cf. oryza" = Trivirostra oryza Lamarck 1810 snail | |
Strombus floridus conch
Strombus altispirus conch | |
"Seraphs naricum" = Seraphs naricus
"Seraphs naricum" = Seraphs naricus Vredenburg 1925 snail | |
Mitra textura mitre shell | |
"Ancilla glabrata" = Eburna glabrata, "Baryspira impi" = Amalda (Baryspira), "Baryspira shaka" = Amalda (Baryspira), "Ancilla glandiformis" = Amalda glandiformis
"Ancilla glabrata" = Eburna glabrata Linnaeus 1758 snail
"Baryspira impi" = Amalda (Baryspira) snail
"Baryspira shaka" = Amalda (Baryspira) snail
"Ancilla glandiformis" = Amalda glandiformis Lamarck 1810 snail | |
Olivella (Callianax) martiniopsis, Ancilla ntombazana, "Oliva australis" = Oliva (Strephona) australis
Olivella (Callianax) martiniopsis olive snail
Ancilla ntombazana olive snail
"Oliva australis" = Oliva (Strephona) australis Duclos 1835 olive snail | |
Clionella bipartita snail
Clionella inornata snail | |
"Drillia" curiosa snail | |
"Conus (Chelyconus) haughtoni" = Conus (Chelyoconus), "Conus (Chelyconus) proliferatus" = Conus (Chelyoconus), Conus (Lithoconus) litteratus
"Conus (Chelyconus) haughtoni" = Conus (Chelyoconus) cone shell
"Conus (Chelyconus) proliferatus" = Conus (Chelyoconus) cone shell
Conus (Lithoconus) litteratus Linnaeus 1758 cone shell | |
Streptosiphon pyriformis snail | |
Latirus pseudolynchoides Vredenburg 1923 snail
Latirus indicus Vredenburg 1921 snail
Fasciolaria sp. Lamarck 1799 tulip snail | |
Nassarius kraussianus snail
Nassarius delislei snail
Nassarius (Hima) tringa snail
Fusus prolongata snail
Fusus sp. Bruguière 1789 snail | |
Pyrene cf. pardalina snail | |
Voluta ponderosa volute | |
Coralliophila violacea murex snail | |
"Harpa (Eocithara) narica" = Eocithara narica
"Harpa (Eocithara) narica" = Eocithara narica Vredenburg 1925 snail | |
Cancellaria govenderi snail | |
Vermetus sp. Daudin 1800 worm shell | |
"Turritella angulata" = Kapalmerella ranikoti, Turritella cf. capensis, "Turritella cf. carinifera" = Turritella (Torquesia) carinifera
"Turritella angulata" = Kapalmerella ranikoti Vredenburg 1928 turret shell
Turritella cf. capensis turret shell
"Turritella cf. carinifera" = Turritella (Torquesia) carinifera Deshayes 1824 turret shell | |
Kaitoa islandica snail | |
Ringicula turrita snail | |
Architectonica cf. perspectiva Linnaeus 1767 sundial | |
Cynisca formosa snail | |
Echinoidea | |
Temnopleurus cf. toreumaticus Leske 1778 sea urchin | |
Echinolampas spheroidalis, "Echinolampas jacquemonti" = Echinolampas oviformis jacquemonti
Echinolampas spheroidalis sea urchin
"Echinolampas jacquemonti" = Echinolampas oviformis jacquemonti d'Archiac and Haime 1854 sea urchin | |
Clypeaster martini, "Clypeaster cf. profundus" = Clypeaster oxybaphon
Clypeaster martini sand dollar
"Clypeaster cf. profundus" = Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson 1922 sand dollar | |
Laganum depressum Agassiz 1841 sand dollar | |
Cidaroida indet. Claus 1880 pencil urchin | |
Chondrichthyes | |
"Carcharodon megalodon" = Otodus megalodon
"Carcharodon megalodon" = Otodus megalodon Agassiz 1835 megalodon | |
Anthozoa | |
Ceratotrochus alcockianus stony coral | |
"Flabellum distinctum" = Flabellum pavoninum
"Flabellum distinctum" = Flabellum pavoninum Lesson 1831 stony coral | |
Tubothalamea | |
Quinqueloculina sp. d'Orbigny 1826 | |
Foraminifera | |
Textularia sp. Defrance 1824 | |
Nodosariata | |
Nodosaria sp. Lamarck 1812
Lagena sp. Walker and Boys 1784 | |
Foraminifera | |
Amphistegina sp. d'Orbigny 1826 | |
Cancris sp. Monfort 1808 | |
? Operculinella sp. Yabe 1918 | |
Rotalia sp. Lamarck 1804 | |
Globothalamea | |
Cibicides sp. Monfort 1808 | |
Eponides sp. Montfort 1808 | |
Foraminifera | |
Globigerina sp. d'Orbigny 1826 |