Natural Chimneys (Pleistocene of the United States)

Also known as Brown's Cave, Cave of the Wooden Steps

Where: Augusta County, Virginia (38.4° N, 79.1° W: paleocoordinates 38.4° N, 79.1° W)

• coordinate estimated from map

When: Late/Upper Pleistocene (0.1 - 0.0 Ma)

Environment/lithology: cave; lithology not reported

Size class: macrofossils

Primary reference: A. Wetmore. 1962. Notes on fossil and subfossil birds. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 145(2):1-17 [M. Uhen/M. Uhen/J. Alroy]more details

Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis

PaleoDB collection 82258: authorized by Mark Uhen, entered by Mark Uhen on 25.07.2008, edited by Margaret Shalap

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• added Guilday, Semken, Hubbard and Grady by Carrie Cross Bio 334
Show authors, comments, and common names
unclassified
  -
Charadrisu vociferus, Contropus virens, Nannaria sp.1, Pomatiopsis lapidaria1, Retinella virginica1, Retinella electrina1, Leptoxis carinata1, Diemichtylus viridescens1, Lampropeltis doliata triangulum1, Lampropeltis sp.1, Lepridae indet.1
Mammalia
 Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae
Lasiurus cf. borealis1, Eptesicus sp.1, "Eptesicus cf. fuscus" = Eptesicus fuscus1, "Eptesicus cf. grandis" = Eptesicus fuscus1, Myotis keenii1, Myotis cf. lucifugus1, Pipistrellus subflavus1
Lasiurus cf. borealis1 Muller 1776 hairy-tailed bat
Eptesicus sp.1 Rafinesque 1820 house bat
"Eptesicus cf. fuscus" = Eptesicus fuscus1 Beauvois 1796 big brown bat
"Eptesicus cf. grandis" = Eptesicus fuscus1 Beauvois 1796 big brown bat
Myotis keenii1 Merriam 1895 vesper bat
Myotis cf. lucifugus1 Le Conte 1831 vesper bat
Pipistrellus subflavus1 Cuvier 1832 eastern pipistrelle bat
 Soricomorpha - Soricidae
Blarina brevicauda1, Cryptotis parva1, Sorex arcticus1, Sorex cf. cinereus1, Sorex palustris1, Microsorex hoyi1, Sorex fumeus1
Blarina brevicauda1 Say 1823 northern short-tailed shrew
Cryptotis parva1 Say 1823 North American least shrew
Sorex arcticus1 Kerr 1792 arctic shrew
Sorex cf. cinereus1 Kerr 1792 cinereus shrew
Sorex palustris1 Richardson 1828 American water shrew
Microsorex hoyi1 Baird 1858 American pygmy shrew
Sorex fumeus1 Miller 1895 smoky shrew
 Soricomorpha - Talpidae
Condylura cristata1, Scalopus aquaticus1, Parascalops breweri1
Condylura cristata1 Linnaeus 1758 star-nosed mole
Scalopus aquaticus1 Linnaeus 1758 eastern mole
Parascalops breweri1 Bachman 1842 hairly-tailed vole
 Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae
Mylohyus sp.1
Mylohyus sp.1 Cope 1869 peccary
 Artiodactyla - Cervidae
Cervidae indet.1, Odocoileus virginianus1
Cervidae indet.1 Gray 1821 deer
Odocoileus virginianus1 Zimmermann 1780 white-tailed deer
 Carnivora - Felidae
Lynx sp.1
Lynx sp.1 Kerr 1792 lynx
 Carnivora - Procyonidae
Procyon lotor1
Procyon lotor1 Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
 Carnivora - Mephitidae
Mephitis mephitis1
Mephitis mephitis1 Schreber 1776 striped skunk
 Carnivora - Mustelidae
"Mustela cf. frenata" = Neogale frenata1, "Mustela vison" = Neogale vison1, "Mustela cf. rixosa" = Mustela nivalis1, Martes americana1, "Martes cf. pennanti" = Pekania pennanti1
"Mustela cf. frenata" = Neogale frenata1 Lichtenstein 1831 long-tailed weasel
"Mustela vison" = Neogale vison1 Schreber 1777 mink
"Mustela cf. rixosa" = Mustela nivalis1 Linnaeus 1766 least weasel
Martes americana1 Kerr 1792 American marten
"Martes cf. pennanti" = Pekania pennanti1 Erxleben 1777 fisher
 Carnivora - Ursidae
Ursus cf. americanus1
Ursus cf. americanus1 Pallas 1780 black bear
 Carnivora - Canidae
Vulpes sp.1, Canis cf. lupus1
Vulpes sp.1 Frisch 1775 fox
Canis cf. lupus1 Linnaeus 1758 gray wolf
 Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Lepus americanus1, Sylvilagus sp.1
Lepus americanus1 Erxleben 1777 snowshoe hare
Sylvilagus sp.1 Gray 1867 cottontail rabbit
 Rodentia - Erethizontidae
Erethizon dorsatum1
Erethizon dorsatum1 Linnaeus 1758 North American porcupine
 Rodentia - Cricetidae
Peromyscus sp.1, Peromyscus cf. maniculatus1, Peromyscus cf. leucopus1, Synaptomys corealis1, Synaptomys cooperi1, Neotoma floridana1, Ondatra zibethicus1, Microtus sp.1, Microtus chrotorrhinus1, "Pitymys pinetorum" = Microtus pinetorum1, "Microtus pinetorum" = Microtus pinetorum2, Microtus xanthognathus1, Microtus pennsylvanicus1, Clethrionomys gapperi1, Phenacomys cf. ungava1, Phenacomys intermedius2
Peromyscus sp.1 Gloger 1841 deer mouse
Peromyscus cf. maniculatus1 Wagner 1843 deer mouse
Peromyscus cf. leucopus1 Rafinesque 1818 white-footed mouse
Synaptomys cooperi1 Baird 1858 southern bog lemming
Neotoma floridana1 Ord 1818 eastern woodrat
Ondatra zibethicus1 Linnaeus 1766 muskrat
Microtus sp.1 Schrank 1798 vole
Microtus chrotorrhinus1 Miller 1894 rock vole
"Pitymys pinetorum" = Microtus pinetorum1 Le Conte 1830 woodland vole
"Microtus pinetorum" = Microtus pinetorum2 Le Conte 1830 woodland vole
Microtus xanthognathus1 Leach 1815 taiga vole
Microtus pennsylvanicus1 Ord 1815 meadow vole
Clethrionomys gapperi1 Vigors 1830 southern red-backed vole
Phenacomys intermedius2 Merriam 1889 western heather vole
 Rodentia - Castoridae
Castoroides ohioensis1, Castor canadensis1
Castoroides ohioensis1 Foster 1838 giant beaver
Castor canadensis1 Kuhl 1820 American beaver
 Rodentia - Zapodidae
Napaeozapus insignis1, "Zapus hudsonicus" = Zapus hudsonius1
Napaeozapus insignis1 Miller 1891 woodland jumping mouse
"Zapus hudsonicus" = Zapus hudsonius1 Zimmermann 1780 meadow jumping mouse
 Rodentia - Sciuridae
Glaucomys sabrinus1, Glaucomys volans1, Tamiasciurus cf. tenuidens1, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus2, Sciurus carolinensis1, Marmota monax1, Tamias striatus1, "Citellus cf. tridecemlineatus" = Spermophilus1, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus2
Glaucomys sabrinus1 Shaw 1801 northern flying squirrel
Glaucomys volans1 Linnaeus 1758 southern flying squirrel
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus2 Erxleben 1777 American red squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis1 Gmelin 1788 eastern gray squirrel
Marmota monax1 Linnaeus 1758 groundhog
Tamias striatus1 Linnaeus 1758 eastern chipmunk
"Citellus cf. tridecemlineatus" = Spermophilus1 ground squirrel
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus2 Mitchell 1821 thirteen-lined ground squirrel
Reptilia
 Squamata - Colubridae
Storeria sp.1, Thamnophis sirtalis1, Diadophis sp.1, Masticophis flagellum1, Coluber constrictor1, Opheodrys sp.1, Elaphe sp.1, Elaphe cf. guttata1, Carphophis amoenus1, Haldea sp.1
Storeria sp.1 Baird and Girard 1853 brown snake
Thamnophis sirtalis1 Linnaeus garter snake
Diadophis sp.1 Baird and Girard 1853 ringneck snake
Coluber constrictor1 Linnaeus 1758 black racer
Opheodrys sp.1 Fitzinger 1843 colubrid snake
Elaphe sp.1 Wagler 1833 colubrid snake
Elaphe cf. guttata1 Linnaeus 1766 corn snake
Carphophis amoenus1 Say worm snake
Haldea sp.1 Baird and Girard 1853 colubrid snake
 Squamata - Natricidae
Natrix sp.1
Natrix sp.1 Laurenti 1768 water snake
 Squamata - Crotalidae
Crotalus cf. adamanteus1, Crotalus horridus1
Crotalus cf. adamanteus1 Palisot de Beauvois 1799 eastern diamondback rattlesnake
Crotalus horridus1 Linnaeus 1758 timber rattlesnake
 Squamata - Iguanidae
Sceloporus undulatus1
Sceloporus undulatus1 Bosc 1802 eastern fence lizard
 Testudines - Emydidae
Terrapene carolina1
Terrapene carolina1 Linnaeus 1758 common box turtle
 Testudines - Chelydridae
Chelydra serpentina1
Chelydra serpentina1 Linnaeus 1758 Common snapping turtle
Aves
 Charadriiformes - Scolopacidae
"Catoptrophorus semipalmatus" = Tringa semipalmata, "Erolia minutilla" = Calidris minutilla, Bartramia longicauda, "Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor
"Catoptrophorus semipalmatus" = Tringa semipalmata Gmelin 1789 willet
"Erolia minutilla" = Calidris minutilla Viellot 1816 least sandpiper
Bartramia longicauda Bechstein 1812 upland sandpiper
"Philohela minor" = Scolopax minor Gmelin 1789 American woodcock
 Charadriiformes - Charadriidae
Charadrius vociferus1
Charadrius vociferus1 Linnaeus 1758 killdeer
 Gruiformes - Gruidae
Grus americana
Grus americana Linnaeus 1758 Whooping crane
 Columbiformes - Columbidae
Ectopistes migratorius
Ectopistes migratorius Linnaeus 1758 passenger pigeon
 Coraciiformes - Alcedinidae
Megaceryle alcyon
Megaceryle alcyon Linnaeus 1758 belted kingfisher
 Piciformes - Picidae
Colaptes auratus, "Dendrocopos pubescens" = Picoides pubescens, Melanerpes erythrocephalus, "Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus
Colaptes auratus Linnaeus 1758 northern flicker
"Dendrocopos pubescens" = Picoides pubescens Linnaeus 1766 downy woodpecker
Melanerpes erythrocephalus Linnaeus 1758 red-headed woodpecker
"Centurus carolinus" = Melanerpes carolinus Linnaeus 1758 red-bellied woodpecker
 Passeriformes - Sittidae
Sitta canadensis
Sitta canadensis Linnaeus 1766 red-breasted nuthatch
 Passeriformes - Corvidae
Perisoreus canadensis, Cyanocitta cristata1, Pica pica1
Perisoreus canadensis Linnaeus 1766 Canada jay
Cyanocitta cristata1 Linnaeus 1758 blue jay
Pica pica1 Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian magpie
 Passeriformes - Passerellidae
Zonotrichia albicollis, Passerella iliaca, Melospiza melodia, Junco sp.
Zonotrichia albicollis Gmelin 1789 white-throated sparrow
Passerella iliaca Merrem 1786 fox sparrow
Melospiza melodia Wilson 1810 song sparrow
Junco sp. Wagler 1831 junco
 Passeriformes - Icteridae
Agelaius phoeniceus, Molothrus ater1
Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus 1766 red-winged blackbird
Molothrus ater1 Boddaert 1783 brown-headed cowbird
 Passeriformes - Mimidae
Toxostoma rufum
Toxostoma rufum Linnaeus 1758 brown thrasher
 Passeriformes - Tyrannidae
Contopus virens1, Sayornis phoebe
Contopus virens1 Linnaeus 1766 eastern wood-pewee
Sayornis phoebe Latham 1790 eastern phoebe
 Passeriformes - Turdidae
Hylocichla sp.1, Turdus migratorius
Hylocichla sp.1 Baird 1864 thrush
Turdus migratorius Linnaeus 1758 American robin
 Passeriformes - Hirundinidae
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot 1816 cliff swallow
 Anseriformes - Anatidae
"Anas discors" = Spatula discors, Oxyura jamaicensis, Bucephala albeola
"Anas discors" = Spatula discors Linnaeus 1766 blue-winged teal
Oxyura jamaicensis Gmelin 1789 Ruddy duck
Bucephala albeola Linnaeus 1758 bufflehead
 Accipitriformes - Accipitridae
Accipiter striatus, Buteo jamaicensis, Buteo lineatus, Buteo platypterus
Accipiter striatus Vieillot 1897 sharp-shinned hawk
Buteo jamaicensis Gmelin 1788 red-tailed hawk
Buteo lineatus Gmelin 1788 red-shouldered hawk
Buteo platypterus Vieillot 1823 broad-winged hawk
Reptilia
 Galliformes - Phasianidae
"Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus1, Bonasa umbellus, Meleagris gallopavo, "Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis
"Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus1 Linnaeus 1758 sharp-tailed grouse
Bonasa umbellus Linnaeus 1766 ruffed grouse
Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus 1758 wild turkey
originally entered as "Melagris gallopavo"
"Canachites canadensis" = Falcipennis canadensis Linnaeus 1758 spruce grouse
 Galliformes - Odontophoridae
Colinus virginianus
Colinus virginianus Linnaeus 1758 northern bobwhite
Amphibia
 Caudata - Urodela
Desmognathus sp.1, "Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma1
Desmognathus sp.1 Baird 1850 lungless salamander
"Ambystoma sp." = Amblystoma1 Tschudi 1838 mole salamander
 Salientia - Pelobatidae
"Scaphiopus holbrooki" = Scaphiopus (Scaphiopus) holbrooki1
"Scaphiopus holbrooki" = Scaphiopus (Scaphiopus) holbrooki1 Harlan 1835 Eastern spadefoot toad
 Salientia - Bufonidae
Bufo sp.1
Bufo sp.1 Laurenti 1768 toad
 Salientia - Ranidae
Rana catesbiana1, Rana palustris1, Rana sp.1
Rana sp.1 Linnaeus 1758 frog
 Salientia - Hylidae
Hyla sp.1
Hyla sp.1 Laurenti 1768 tree frog
Gastropoda
 Pulmonata - Discidae
Anguispira alternata1
 Heterostropha - Valvatidae
Valvata sp.1
Valvata sp.1 Müller 1774 snail
 Heterostropha - Physidae
Physa heterostropha1
 Heterostropha - Lymnaeidae
Lymnaea catascopium1
 Stylommatophora - Helicodiscidae
Helicodiscus parallelus1
 Stylommatophora - Polygyridae
Triodopsis albolabris1, Triodopsis tridentata1
 Stylommatophora - Gastrocoptidae
Gastrocopta contracta1
 Cycloneritida - Helicinidae
Hendersonia occulia1
1Guilday 1962; 2Semken 1988