Fossil Lake (Pleistocene of the United States)

Where: Lake County, Oregon (43.3° N, 120.5° W: paleocoordinates 43.3° N, 120.5° W)

• coordinate stated in text

• outcrop-level geographic resolution

When: Late/Upper Pleistocene (0.1 - 0.0 Ma)

• "early Pleistocene, approximating [the age] of Rancho La Brea" (i.e., late Pleistocene)

Environment/lithology: lacustrine - large; sandstone and claystone

• the deposits "formed on the bottom" of a "large" lake
• "sand and clay"

Size class: macrofossils

Collected by T. Condon, C. H. Sternberg, E. D. Cope, A. M. Alexander, C. Stock, E. L. Furlong in 1876, 1877, 1879, 1901, 1923, 1924; reposited in the AMNH, SDSM, UCMP

• Sternberg and Cope material is at the AMNH; Alexander, Stock, and Furlong material is at the UCMP; Condon collection is at the University of Oregon and was not seen by Elftman. Collections also at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (Material collected by J. Martin).

Primary reference: H. O. Elftman. 1931. Pleistocene mammals of Fossil Lake, Oregon. American Museum Novitates 481:1-21 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 93251: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 09.01.2010, edited by Mark Uhen and Nicholas Famoso

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• revises original descriptions of Cope (1878, 1884, 1889) and Matthew (1902)
Aves
 Charadriiformes - Stercorariidae
 Charadriiformes - Scolopacidae
"Erolia melanotos" = Calidris melanotos4, "Lobipes lobatus" = Phalaropus lobatus2, Limnodromus ? griseus2, Numenius ? americanus2, "Totanus melanoleucas" = Tringa melanoleuca2
"Erolia melanotos" = Calidris melanotos4 Vieillot 1819 pectoral sandpiper
"Lobipes lobatus" = Phalaropus lobatus2 Linnaeus 1758 red-necked phalarope
Limnodromus ? griseus2 Gmelin 1789 short-billed dowitcher
Numenius ? americanus2 Bechstein 1812 long-billed curlew
"Totanus melanoleucas" = Tringa melanoleuca2 Gmelin 1789 greater yellowlegs
 Charadriiformes - Recurvirostridae
Himantopus mexicanus2 Muller 1776 black-necked stilt
Recurvirostra americana2 Gmelin 1789 American avocet
 Charadriiformes - Laridae
"Chlidonias nigra" = Chlidonias niger2 Linnaeus 1758 black tern
"Larus philadelphia" = Chroicocephalus philadelphia2 Ord 1815 Bonaparte's gull
Larus robustus2 Shufeldt 1891 gull
Larus californicus2 Lawrence 1854 California gull
Larus oregonus2 Shufeldt 1891 gull
Sterna forsteri2 Nuttall 1834 Foster's tern
 Falconiformes - Falconidae
Falco oregonus n. sp.2 Howard 1946 falcon
 Suliformes - Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax macropus2 Cope 1878 cormorant
Phalacrocorax ? auritus2 Lesson 1831 double-crested cormorant
 Pelecaniformes - Ardeidae
Ardea herodias2 Linnaeus 1758 great blue heron
Botaurus lentiginosus2 Rackett 1813 American bittern
 Pelecaniformes - Pelecanidae
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos2 Gmelin 1789 American white pelican
 Phoenicopteriformes - Phoenicopteridae
Phoenicopterus copei2 Shufeldt 1891 flamingo
 Strigiformes - Strigidae
Bubo virginianus2 Gmelin 1788 great horned owl
 Piciformes - Picidae
"Colaptes cafer" = Colaptes auratus cafer2
"Colaptes cafer" = Colaptes auratus cafer2 Gmelin 1788 northern flicker
 Gruiformes - Rallidae
Fulica americana2 Gmelin 1789 American coot
subspecies minor
Rallus limicola2 Vieillot 1819 Virginia rail
 Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae
Aechmophorus occidentalis2, "Colymbus nigricollis" = Podiceps nigricollis2, "Colymbus parvus" = Podiceps parvus2, Podilymbus podiceps2
Aechmophorus occidentalis2 Lawrence 1858 western grebe
subspeceis lucasi
"Colymbus nigricollis" = Podiceps nigricollis2 Brehm 1831 black-necked grebe
"Colymbus parvus" = Podiceps parvus2 Schufeldt 1913 grebe
Podilymbus podiceps2 Linnaeus 1758 pied-billed grebe
 Passeriformes - Icteridae
Euphagus cyanocephalus2 Wagler 1829 Brewer's blackbird
Sturnella sp.2 Vieillot 1816 meadowlark
or Xanthocephalus
? Agelaius sp.2 Vieillot 1816 perching bird
Molothrus ? ater2 Boddaert 1783 brown-headed cowbird
 Passeriformes - Corvidae
Corvus corax2 Linnaeus 1758 common raven
 Anseriformes - Anatidae
Spatula clypeata2, "Anas cyanoptera" = Spatula cyanoptera2, "Erismatura jamaicensis" = Oxyura jamaicensis2, Cygnus buccinator2, "Sthenelides paloregonus" = Cygnus paloregonus2, Anser albifrons2, "Chen hyperborea" = Anser caerulescens2, "Chen rossii" = Anser rossii2, Branta ? hypsibata2, Branta bernicla2, Branta propinqua2, Branta canadensis2, Anas platyrhynchos2, Anas acuta2, "Anas carolinensis" = Anas crecca carolinensis2, Anabernicula sp.2, Anabernicula oregonensis n. sp.3, Mergus merganser2, Mergus serrator2, Clangula hyemalis2, Melanitta perspicillata2, "Melanitta deglandi" = Melanitta fusca deglandi4, "Charitonetta albeola" = Bucephala2, "Nyroca americana" = Aythya americana2, "Nyroca ? collaris" = Aythya collaris2, "Nyroca affinis" = Aythya affinis2, Mareca americana2
Spatula clypeata2 Linnaeus 1758 northern shoveler
"Anas cyanoptera" = Spatula cyanoptera2 Viellot 1816 cinnamon teal
"Erismatura jamaicensis" = Oxyura jamaicensis2 Gmelin 1789 Ruddy duck
Cygnus buccinator2 Richardson 1832 trumpeter swan
"Sthenelides paloregonus" = Cygnus paloregonus2 Cope 1878 swan
Anser albifrons2 Scopoli 1769 greater white-fronted goose
"Chen hyperborea" = Anser caerulescens2 Linnaeus 1758 snow goose
"Chen rossii" = Anser rossii2 Cassin 1861 Ross's goose
Branta ? hypsibata2 Cope 1878 goose
Branta bernicla2 Linnaeus 1758 brant
Branta propinqua2 Shufeldt 1891 goose
Branta canadensis2 Linnaeus 1758 Canada goose
Anas platyrhynchos2 Linnaeus 1758 mallard
Anas acuta2 Linnaeus 1758 northern pintail
"Anas carolinensis" = Anas crecca carolinensis2 Gmelin 1789 green-winged teal
Anabernicula sp.2 Ross 1935 dabbling duck
Anabernicula oregonensis n. sp.3 Howard 1964 dabbling duck
Mergus merganser2 Linnaeus 1758 common merganser
Mergus serrator2 Linnaeus 1758 red-breasted merganser
Clangula hyemalis2 Linnaeus 1758 long-tailed duck
Melanitta perspicillata2 Linnaeus 1758 surf scoter
"Melanitta deglandi" = Melanitta fusca deglandi4 Bonaparte 1850 white-winged scoter
"Charitonetta albeola" = Bucephala2 seaduck
"Nyroca americana" = Aythya americana2 Eyton 1838 redhead
"Nyroca ? collaris" = Aythya collaris2 Donovan 1809 ring-necked duck
"Nyroca affinis" = Aythya affinis2 Eyton 1838 lesser scaup
Mareca americana2 Gmelin 1789 American wigeon
 Accipitriformes - Accipitridae
Circus cyaneus2, Haliaeetus leucocephalus2, Aquila chrysaetos2, "Spizaetus pliogryps" = Aquila pliogryps2, "Hypomorphnus ? sodalis" = Aquila sodalis2
Circus cyaneus2 Linnaeus 1766 Hen harrier
Haliaeetus leucocephalus2 Linnaeus 1766 bald eagle
Aquila chrysaetos2 Linnaeus 1758 golden eagle
"Spizaetus pliogryps" = Aquila pliogryps2 Shufeldt 1891 eagle
"Hypomorphnus ? sodalis" = Aquila sodalis2 Shufeldt 1891 eagle
Reptilia
 Galliformes - Phasianidae
Centrocercus urophasianus2, "Dendragapus lucasi" = Pedioecetes lucasi2, Dendragapus nanus2, "Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus2, "Palaeotetrix gillii" = Dendragapus gilli2
Centrocercus urophasianus2 Bonaparte 1827 greater sage-grouse
"Dendragapus lucasi" = Pedioecetes lucasi2 Shufeldt 1892 pheasant
Dendragapus nanus2 Shufeldt 1891 pheasant
"Pedioecetes phasianellus" = Tympanuchus phasianellus2 Linnaeus 1758 sharp-tailed grouse
"Palaeotetrix gillii" = Dendragapus gilli2 Shufeldt 1891 pheasant
Mammalia
  - Mylodontidae
"Mylodon cf. harlani" = Paramylodon harlani
"Mylodon cf. harlani" = Paramylodon harlani Owen 1840 Harlan's ground sloth
"Mylodon, near harlani" (includes M. sodalis type of Cope)
 Proboscidea - Elephantidae
"Elephas ? columbi" = Mammuthus columbi
"Elephas ? columbi" = Mammuthus columbi Falconer 1857 Columbian mammoth
includes E. primigenius and E. imperator of previous authors
 Rodentia - Castoridae
Castor sp. Linnaeus 1758 beaver
said to be new
 Rodentia - Geomyidae
Thomomys sp.7, Thomomys talpoides7, "Thomomys townsendi" = Thomomys townsendii, "Thomomys townsendii" = Thomomys townsendii7
Thomomys sp.7 Wied-Neuwied 1839 pocket gopher
Thomomys talpoides7 Richardson 1828 northern pocket gopher
"Thomomys townsendi" = Thomomys townsendii Bachman 1839 Townsend's pocket gopher
includes T. near clusius, T. talpoides, T. bulbivorus, T. sp., and T. scudderi type of previous authors
"Thomomys townsendii" = Thomomys townsendii7 Bachman 1839 Townsend's pocket gopher
 Rodentia - Cricetidae
"Fiber oregonus n. sp." = Ondatra annectens, Microtus montanus
"Fiber oregonus n. sp." = Ondatra annectens Brown 1908 muskrat
Microtus montanus Peale 1848 montane vole
 Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Lepus sp. Linnaeus 1758 hare
 Carnivora - Canidae
Vulpes sp., "Canis cf. dirus" = Aenocyon dirus, "Canis cf. occidentalis" = Canis lupus, Canis latrans
Vulpes sp. Frisch 1775 fox
"Canis cf. dirus" = Aenocyon dirus Leidy 1858 dire wolf
"Canis cf. occidentalis" = Canis lupus Linnaeus 1758 gray wolf
Canis latrans Say 1823 coyote
 Carnivora - Ursidae
Arctodus sp.1 Leidy 1854 bear
 Carnivora - Mustelidae
Taxidea sp. Waterhouse 1839 badger
said to be new; includes Lutra of Matthew
 Carnivora - Felidae
Felinae indet.5 Trouessart 1885 cat
large and small forms
 Perissodactyla - Equidae
Equus sp., "Equus pacificus" = Equus mexicanus
Equus sp. Linnaeus 1758 horse
small
"Equus pacificus" = Equus mexicanus Hibbard 1955 horse
 Artiodactyla - Camelidae
Eschatius sp. Cope 1884 camel
includes E. conidens (referred specimen) and E. longirostris (type) of Cope
Camelops hesternus Leidy 1873 camel
"? Tanupolama sp." = Hemiauchenia Gervais and Ameghino 1880 camel
includes Eschatius vitakeriana type of Cope
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
Ovis canadensis6 Shaw 1804 bighorn sheep
SDSM 86931
 Artiodactyla - Antilocapridae
Antilocapra cf. americana Ord 1815 pronghorn
 Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae
Platygonus sp. Leconte 1848 peccary
small
Platygonus cf. vetus Leidy 1882 peccary