Rhynchonellata - Athyridida - Athyrididae
Alternative spelling: Spirigerellidae
Full reference: T. A. Grunt. 1965. Athyridida, in The Development and Change of Marine Organisms at the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Boundary. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 108:237-253
Parent taxon: Athyrididae according to A. Williams et al. 2002
See also Bychkov et al. 1976 and Shen et al. 2003
Sister taxa: Athyridinae, Athyris naliensis, Athyrisininae, Baliqliqia, Cleiothyridininae, Comelicaniinae, Didymothyridinae, Helenathyridinae, Janicepsinae, Kintathyris, Lochengiinae, Mayangella, Pachyplaxoides, Plicathyridinae, Pradoiinae, Protathyridinae, Tarimathyris, Transcaucasathyriinae, Xenosariinae
Subtaxa: Araxathyris Cardiothyris Composita Densalvus Gruntea Iniathyris Nordathyris Planalvus Posicomta Pseudopentagonia Rectambitus Septospirigerella Spirigerella Tongzithyris Tulathyris Uldziathyris
Type: Spirigerella
Ecology: stationary low-level epifaunal suspension feeder
Distribution:
• Triassic of China (7 collections)
• Leonard of United States (4: Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming)
• Permian of Afghanistan (3), Armenia (27), Australia (8), Azerbaijan (36), Bolivia (28), Canada (3: British Columbia, Yukon), China (215), Croatia (1), Greece (5), Guatemala (1), India (4), Indonesia (6), Iran (54), Italy (8), Japan (1), Kyrgyzstan (1), Madagascar (1), Malaysia (1), Mexico (27), Myanmar (2), Nepal (7), Oman (1), Pakistan (270), Peru (29), Slovenia (1), Tajikistan (8), Thailand (26), Tunisia (4), United States (677: Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Wyoming), Venezuela (8), Vietnam (1)
• Virgilian of United States (116: Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Texas)
• Desmoinesian of United States (113: Kansas, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Utah)
• Westphalian of Australia (1), United States (1: Kentucky)
• Atokan of United States (6: Arizona, Missouri, Nevada, Wyoming)
• Pennsylvanian of Australia (1), United States (1: California)
• Namurian of Australia (1)
• Chesterian of Canada (7: Alberta, Northwest Territories), United States (77: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Montana, Nevada, Oklahoma, Wyoming)
• Osagean of Canada (2: Alberta), United States (6: California, Indiana, Montana, Utah)
• Carboniferous to Permian of Bolivia (1), United States (2: California)
• Mississippian of Canada (3: Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia), United States (14: Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Indiana, Montana, Utah)
• Carboniferous of Australia (1), Belgium (1), Bolivia (4), Brazil (1), Canada (36: Alberta, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Yukon), China (4), Egypt (1), India (1), Iran (7), Libya (3), Mexico (1), Pakistan (1), Peru (2), the Russian Federation (2), the United Kingdom (20), United States (513: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Idaho-Utah, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming)
• Devonian to Carboniferous of the United Kingdom (3)
• Devonian of Afghanistan (1), Canada (1: Alberta), China (11), France (1), United States (16: Alaska, Colorado, Montana, Montana, and Wyoming, New Mexico, Ohio)
• Paleozoic of Chile (1)
Total: 2459 collections including 3507 occurrences