Gastropoda - Epitonioidea - Epitoniidae
Alternative spellings: Epitonium (Cirsotrema), Scala (Cirsostrema), Scala (Cirsotrema), Scalaria (Cirsotrema)
Parent taxon: Epitoniidae according to R. Duerr 2004
See also Addicott 1970, Darragh 2017, Darragh and Kendrick 2008, Durham 1937, Durham 1944, Dushane 1988, Harris and Palmer 1947, Harzhauser 2002, Hendy 2021, Maxwell 1978, Olsson 1967, Schnetler et al. 2024, Sepkoski 2002, Squires 1984, Todd 2001, Vredenburg 1928, Wienrich 2001 and Wilson 1993
Sister taxa: Aciculiscala, Acirsa, Acirsinae, Acrilla, Alora, Amaea, Belliscala, Cerithiscala, Clathroscala, Clathrus, Claviscala, Confusiscala, Crossotrema, Dannevigena, Eglisia, Epitomium, Epitoniinae, Epitonium, Filiscala, Gregorioiscala, Gryoscala, Littoriniscala, Mazescala, Murdochella, Narvaliscala, Notacirsa, Nystiellinae, Opalia, Opaliinae, Papuliscala, Pliciscala, Problitora, Pseudosassia, Scalaria, Scalina, Sthenorytis, Turriscala, Variciscala, Australolaxispira, Funis
Subtaxa: Cirsotrema (Cirsotremopsis) Cirsotrema (Coroniscala) Cirsotrema (Plastiscala) Cirsotrema (Propescala) Cirsotrema (Rectacirsa) Cirsotrema (Tioria) Cirsotrema cirritum Cirsotrema crassicostatum Cirsotrema dalli Cirsotrema diversiformis Cirsotrema dubiosa Cirsotrema fimbriosa Cirsotrema funiculus Cirsotrema gagei Cirsotrema hauniensis Cirsotrema miovaricosum Cirsotrema pleiophylla Cirsotrema preyoungi Cirsotrema tenuisculptum Cirsotrema togatum Cirsotrema varicosa Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense Epitonium (Cirsotrema) howei Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pasoense Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoensis Epitonium (Cirsotrema) saundersi Scala (Cirsotrema) subtenuilamella
Type: Scalaria varicosa
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Costa Rica (1 collection), Italy (2), Japan (1), New Zealand (1), United States (1: Florida)
• Pliocene of Belgium (2), Ecuador (3), Panama (1), Portugal (1), Spain (1), the United Kingdom (4), Venezuela (1)
• Miocene to Pliocene of the Dominican Republic (1)
• Miocene of Argentina (11), Australia (1), Austria (1), Colombia (4), Denmark (1), France (1), Germany (20), Grenada (1), Italy (1), the Netherlands (2), New Zealand (5), Pakistan (1), Panama (4), United States (2: California, Florida), Venezuela (1)
• Oligocene to Miocene of Argentina (1)
• Oligocene of Argentina (2), Denmark (2), New Zealand (9), United States (3: Washington)
• Whaingaroan of New Zealand (1)
• Eocene of Australia (2), Bulgaria (2), France (4), Mexico (3), New Zealand (6), Pakistan (3), Spain (1), the United Kingdom (2), United States (68: Alabama, California, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas)
• Paleocene of Belgium (1), Denmark (2), New Zealand (1), United States (2: Maryland, Virginia)
Total: 191 collections including 225 occurrences
Specimen images are retrieved through the ePANDDA API.
Click image to enlarge. Click to access iDigBio record.