Dinophyceae - Gonyaulacales - Gonyaulacaceae
Parent taxon: Gonyaulacaceae according to M. Vieira and S. Mahdi 2019
Sister taxa: Achilleodinium, Achomosphaera, Amiculosphaera, Amphorosphaeridium, Araneosphaera, Areosphaeridium, Ataxiodinium, Atlantodinium, Avellodinium, Bitectatodinium, Cannosphaeropsis, Carduifolia, Cassiculosphaeridia, Chytroeisphaeridia, Cometodinium, Conneximura, Cordosphaeridium, Coronifera, Corradinisphaeridium, Corrudinium, Cousteaudinium, Cribroperidinium, Ctenidodinium, Cyclapophysis, Dalella, Damassadinium, Diphyes, Discorsia, Dissiliodinium, Eatonicysta, Endoscrinium, Epitricysta, Escharisphaeridia, Evittosphaerula, Exiguisphaera, Fibradinium, Fibrocysta, Florentinia, Galeacysta, Gelatia, Gonyaulacysta, Gonyaulax, Habibacysta, Hafniasphaera, Hapsocysta, Hemiplacophora, Heterosphaeridium, Hystrichodinium, Hystrichokolpoma, Hystrichosphaerina, Impagidinium, Kaiwaradinium, Kallosphaeridium, Kenleyia, Kiokansium, Kleithriasphaeridium, Lanternosphaeridium, Leptodinioideae, Leptodinium, Liesbergia, Lingulodinium, Litosphaeridium, Meiourogonyaulax, Melitasphaeridium, Nematosphaeropsis, Nexosispinum, Ochetodinium, Oligosphaeridium, Operculodinium, Perisseiasphaeridium, Pervosphaeridium, Protoellipsodinium, Psaligonyaulax, Pterodinium, Pyxidinopsis, Rhynchodiniopsis, Rigaudella, Saturnodinium, Scriniodinium, Sentusidinium, Sirmiodiniopsis, Sirmiodinium, Stephodinium, Stiphrosphaeridium, Surculosphaeridium, Systematophora, Tehamadinium, Thalassiphora, Tubotuberella, Unipontidinium, Wanaea, Wilsonisphaera, Yalkalpodinium
Subtaxa: Spiniferites
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Italy (2 collections), North Pacific (20)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of Southern Ocean (2)
• Pliocene of the Netherlands (1), North Pacific (1), Southern Ocean (2)
• Miocene of Argentina (5), Australia (3), Azerbaijan (4), Belgium (1), Panama (2), Peru (1), Southern Ocean (8), United States (1: Maryland)
• Oligocene of Argentina (1), Denmark (1), Germany (1)
• Eocene of Australia (1), Colombia (1), Japan (1), United States (3: Alaska)
• Paleocene of Argentina (1), United States (4: Missouri)
• Cretaceous to Paleogene of Antarctica (1)
• Cretaceous of Antarctica (42), Argentina (15), Brazil (103), Chile (2), Egypt (33), Ghana (24), the Russian Federation (3), Spain (1), the United Kingdom (1)
Total: 292 collections including 386 occurrences