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Parallelodon
Taxonomy
Parallelodon was named by Meek and Worthen (1866) [Sepkoski's age data: P Leon-u J Tith Sepkoski's reference number: 93,1066]. Its type is Macrodon rugosus.
It was assigned to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002); to Parallelodontinae by Vokes (1980), Anelli et al. (2006) and Scholz et al. (2008); and to Parallelodontidae by Ros-Franch et al. (2014).
It was assigned to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002); to Parallelodontinae by Vokes (1980), Anelli et al. (2006) and Scholz et al. (2008); and to Parallelodontidae by Ros-Franch et al. (2014).
Species
Macrodon badiana, Macrodon curionii, Macrodon elongatum, Macrodon elongatus, Macrodon esinense, Macrodon formosum, Macrodon geminum, Macrodon hamiltonae, Macrodon imbricarius, Macrodon juttensis, Macrodon klipsteini, Macrodon mediodepressum, Macrodon punctata, Macrodon rufae, Macrodon scaber, Macrodon solitarius, Macrodon strigilatum, Macrodon sturi, Macrodon subesinensis, Macrodon truncatus, P. (Gilbertwhitea), P. anaklastum, P. apenninicus, P. beyrichii, P. bimodoliratus, P. bittneri, P. brenensis, P. cancellosus, P. capillatus, P. carsulanus, P. chemungensis, P. comptus, P. corbina, P. datianensis, P. desioi, P. dickinsi, P. elongatum, P. groeberi, P. guizhouensis, P. hettangiensis, P. hirsonensis (syn. Beushausenia hirsonensis eurymorpha), P. hubeiensis, P. interrupta, P. jiaozishanensis, P. kingiana (syn. Arca permiana, Arca zerrenneri), P. laochangensis, P. latisinuatus, P. lianyuanensis, P. licharewi, P. longus, P. maxiai, P. minima, P. monobensis, P. multilamellatus, P. multistriatus, P. obsoletus, P. qinghaiensis (syn. P. reticulatus), P. rectangulus, P. respectus, P. riccardii, P. rudis, P. rugosus, P. sangamonensis, P. striatus (syn. Cucullaea sulcata, Arca subtumida, Byssoarca tumida, Arca loftusiana, Arca antiqua), P. subarguta, P. subtilistriatus, P. sulcatus, P. tectum, P. tenuistriatus, P. theodorensis, P. trapezium, P. trimuensis, P. uralicus, P. whitei, P. xijinwulanensis
Species lacking formal opinion data
P. beyrichi, P. buchmani, P. buckmani, P. caprinus, P. carbonarius, P. cypriniformis, P. esinensis, P. fraiponti, P. infraliassicus, P. koikensis, P. lutugini, P. luxdorfensis, P. meridionalis, P. obtusus, P. pindiroensis, P. productum, P. quichaurensis, P. squamosus, P. theciformis, P. truncatus, P. vokesi, P. walciodorensis
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1866 | Parallelodon Meek and Worthen |
| 1882 | Macrodon Buckman p. 98 |
| 1895 | Cucullaea (Macrodon) Bittner |
| 1980 | Parallelodon jiaozishanensis Lan and Xu p. 5 |
| 1980 | Parallelodon guizhouensis Lan and Xu p. 13 |
| 1980 | Parallelodon Vokes p. 16 |
| 2002 | Parallelodon Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Macrodon Sepkoski p. 92 |
| 2006 | Parallelodon Anelli et al. p. 1127 |
| 2008 | Parallelodon Scholz et al. |
| 2014 | Parallelodon Ros-Franch et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Parallelodon Meek and Worthen 1866
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Subg. †Parallelodon (Gilbertwhitea) Crickmay 1930
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†Parallelodon (Gilbertwhitea) tehamaensis Stanton 1895
†Parallelodon anaklastum Winters 1963
†Parallelodon apenninicus Conti and Monari 1986
†Parallelodon beyrichii Strombeck 1849
†Parallelodon bimodoliratus Dickins 1963
†Parallelodon bittneri Barthel 1958
†Parallelodon brenensis Reed 1932
†Parallelodon cancellosus Mather 1915
†Parallelodon capillatus Waterhouse 1987
†Parallelodon carsulanus Conti and Monari 1986
†Parallelodon chemungensis Hall and Whitfield 1869
†Parallelodon comptus Gemmellaro 1896
†Parallelodon corbina Waagen 1881
†Parallelodon datianensis Li and Ding 1982
†Parallelodon desioi Fantini Sestini 1965
†Parallelodon dickinsi Waterhouse 1980
†Parallelodon elongatum Sowerby 1825
†Parallelodon groeberi Damborenea 1987
†Parallelodon hettangiensis Terquem 1855
†Parallelodon hirsonensis d'Archiac 1843
†Parallelodon hubeiensis Zhang 1977
†Parallelodon interrupta de Koninck 1898
†Parallelodon kingiana de Verneuil 1845
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Invalid names: Arca permiana d'Orbigny 1850 [synonym], Arca zerrenneri Schauroth 1853 [synonym]
†Parallelodon laochangensis Feng et al. 1992
†Parallelodon latisinuatus Gemmellaro 1896
†Parallelodon lianyuanensis Zhang 1977
†Parallelodon licharewi Maslennikov 1935
†Parallelodon longus Maslennikov 1935
†Parallelodon maxiai Conti and Monari 1986
†Parallelodon minima Worthen 1884
†Parallelodon monobensis Nakazawa 1955
†Parallelodon multilamellatus Gemmellaro 1896
†Parallelodon multistriatus Girty 1908
†Parallelodon obsoletus Meek 1871
†Parallelodon rectangulus Mansuy 1914
†Parallelodon respectus Reed 1944
†Parallelodon riccardii Damborenea 1987
†Parallelodon rudis Stoppani 1865
†Parallelodon rugosus Buckman 1845
†Parallelodon sangamonensis Worthen 1890
†Parallelodon striatus von Schlotheim 1816
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Invalid names: Arca antiqua Munster 1834 [synonym], Arca loftusiana Howse 1848 [synonym], Arca subtumida d'Orbigny 1850 [synonym], Byssoarca tumida Sowerby 1824 [synonym], Cucullaea sulcata Sowerby 1829 [synonym]
†Parallelodon subarguta De Koninck 1877
†Parallelodon subtilistriatus Wanner 1922
†Parallelodon sulcatus Weller 1906
†Parallelodon tectum Hautmann 2001
†Parallelodon tenuistriatus Meek and Worthen 1866
†Parallelodon theodorensis Waterhouse 1987
†Parallelodon trapezium Cox 1928
†Parallelodon trimuensis Reed 1944
†Parallelodon uralicus Muromtseva 1984
†Parallelodon whitei Gemmellaro 1896
†Parallelodon xijinwulanensis Sha 1995
Invalid names: Beushausenia hirsonensis eurymorpha Cossmann 1900 [synonym], Macrodon Buckman 1882 [synonym], Parallelodon guizhouensis Lan and Xu 1980 [nomen nudum], Parallelodon jiaozishanensis Lan and Xu 1980 [nomen nudum]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
| part | N | mean | minimum | maximum | median | s.d. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| shell height | 12 | 12.3 | 3.80 | 20.0 | 13.7 | 4.81 | |
| valve height | 60 | 9.32 | 1.05 | 32.0 | 9.87 | 5.49 |
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| Source: g = genus, o = order, c = class | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Aberhan et al. 2004 | |||||
Age range: base of the Arenig to the top of the Early/Lower Maastrichtian or 478.60000 to 66.00000 Ma
Collections (837 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arenig | France (Loire-Atlantique) | P. sp. (20861) | |
| Caradoc - Katian | Bolivia (General de Saavedra) | P. sp. (9102) | |
| Lochkovian | Poland | P. insignis (23017 23019) | |
| Lochkovian | China (Guangxi) | P. sp. (4007) | |
| Pragian | Australia (Victoria) | P. sp. (75691) | |
| Late/Upper Emsian | China (Guangxi) | P. guangxiensis (4796 4797) | |
| Givetian | USA (Pennsylvania) | P. sp. (627 670) | |
| Givetian | USA (New York) | Macrodon hamiltoniae (96213) Macrodon sp. (8827 8829 8830 8833 8959 8963) | |
| Frasnian | USA (Pennsylvannia) | Grammatodon chemungensis (233186) | |
| Frasnian | USA (New York) | Grammatodon chemungensis (233184) | |
Youngest occurrences |
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| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | PBDB collection number |
| Aptian | Japan (Iwate) | P. nipponicus (40553) | |
| Aptian - Albian | Japan (Oita) | P. nipponicus (40250) | |
| Albian | Japan (Kumamoto) | P. nipponicus (40601) | |
| Late/Upper Albian | USA (California) | P. breweriana (216400) | |
| Turonian | USA (California) | P. sp. (80934 80935 80936 80937 80938 80939) | |
| Turonian - Santonian | USA (California) | P. sp. (80941 80942) | |
| Campanian | USA (California) | P. sp. (80947) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Colorado) | P. sp. (162249) | |
| Maastrichtian | USA (California) | P. sp. (83774 83785 83788) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (California) | P. n. sp. (215320) | |