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Taxonomy
Canis vulpes was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant. It is the type species of Vulpes.
It was recombined as Vulpes vulpes by Thomas (1911), Churcher (1959), Kurten (1968), van Gelder (1978), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Wilson and Reeder (1993), Wang et al. (2008), Tedford et al. (2009), Geraads (2011) and Koufos (2022).
It was recombined as Vulpes vulpes by Thomas (1911), Churcher (1959), Kurten (1968), van Gelder (1978), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Wilson and Reeder (1993), Wang et al. (2008), Tedford et al. (2009), Geraads (2011) and Koufos (2022).
Subspecies
Sister species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Canis alopex Linnaeus p. 40 |
| 1758 | Canis vulpes Linnaeus p. 40 |
| 1829 | Vulpes fulva Desmarest |
| 1835 | Canis vulpes montana Pearson p. 324 |
| 1900 | Vulpes cascadensis Merriam p. 665 fig. 3 |
| 1911 | Vulpes vulpes Thomas p. 134 |
| 1917 | Vulpes palmaria Hay |
| 1959 | Vulpes vulpes Churcher |
| 1967 | Vulpes fulva Wilson p. 211 |
| 1968 | Vulpes vulpes Kurten p. 115 |
| 1978 | Vulpes vulpes van Gelder |
| 1980 | Vulpes vulpes Kurten and Anderson p. 174 |
| 1993 | Vulpes vulpes Wilson and Reeder |
| 2008 | Vulpes vulpes Wang et al. |
| 2009 | Vulpes vulpes Tedford et al. p. 47 |
| 2011 | Vulpes vulpes Geraads |
| 2022 | Vulpes vulpes Koufos |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus 1758 [red fox]
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Vulpes vulpes macroura Baird 1852
Invalid names: Canis alopex Linnaeus 1758 [synonym], Vulpes fulva Desmarest 1829 [synonym], Vulpes palmaria Hay 1917 [synonym], Vulpes vulpes cascadensis Merriam 1900 [replaced]
Canis vulpes montana Pearson 1835
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Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
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| Source: g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Van Valkenburgh 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Villanyian to the top of the Holocene or 3.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 2.588 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 2.588 Ma
Collections (95 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Villanyian | Hungary (Barany) | Vulpes vulpes (35369) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Germany (Thüringen) | Vulpes vulpes (45065 45085) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | France (Alpes Maritimes) | Vulpes vulpes (50342) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Hungary (Barany) | Vulpes vulpes (35442) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (West Virginia) | Vulpes vulpes (125941) | |
| Pleistocene | Morocco | Vulpes vulpes (22489) | |
| Pleistocene | United Kingdom (Wales) | Vulpes vulpes (34940) | |
| Pleistocene | Israel | Vulpes vulpes (225664) | |
| Pleistocene | Italy (Verona) | Vulpes vulpes (43656) | |
| Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | Canis vulpes (77749) | |
| Pleistocene | Italy (Puglia) | Vulpes vulpes (44091) | |
| Pleistocene | Saudi Arabia | Vulpes vulpes (48858) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | Morocco | Vulpes vulpes (21856 21857) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | Libya | Vulpes vulpes (21884) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (New Mexico) | Vulpes vulpes (20505) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Colorado) | Vulpes sp. (20150 20477) Vulpes vulpes (20559) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Trieste) | Vulpes vulpes (43699 43701) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Verona) | Vulpes vulpes (43655 43664) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Hungary | Vulpes vulpes (35045 35047) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg) | Vulpes vulpes (50259) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Morocco | Vulpes vulpes (34287 42866) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guizhou) | Vulpes vulpes (51100) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Turkey (Central Anatolia) | Vulpes vulpes (34368) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France (Provence) | Vulpes vulpes (48889 48911) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Vulpes vulpes (43618) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Lakonia) | Vulpes vulpes (32059 32062 32082 32086) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Italy (Trieste) | Vulpes vulpes (43702) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Norway | Vulpes vulpes (227461) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Portugal | Vulpes vulpes (197768) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Wyoming) | Vulpes vulpes (93277) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Michigan) | Vulpes fulva (200485) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Peloponnesus) | Vulpes vulpes (184245) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Wyoming) | Vulpes vulpes (93181) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Utah) | Vulpes vulpes (93330) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Vulpes palmaria (34269 74292) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Vulpes vulpes (43619) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Hungary (Barany) | Vulpes vulpes (197461) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece | Vulpes vulpes (203847) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Canada (Alberta) | Vulpes vulpes (20615) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (New Mexico) | Vulpes fulva (93141) Vulpes macroura (93281) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Italy (Vicenza) | Vulpes vulpes (43689) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Alaska) | Vulpes vulpes (93339) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Colorado) | Vulpes vulpes (74953 74954) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Vulpes vulpes (20635) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Israel | Vulpes vulpes (225667) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Russian Federation | Vulpes vulpes (79548) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Dodecanese) | Vulpes vulpes (182809) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Vulpes vulpes (225801) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (Texas) | Vulpes fulva (93103) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Kilkis) | Vulpes vulpes (207192) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain (Valencia) | Vulpes vulpes (221415) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | Vulpes vulpes (93828) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Russian Federation (Respublika Saha (Jakutija)) | Vulpes vulpes (48587) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | Canada (Alberta) | Vulpes vulpes (93528) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain | Vulpes vulpes (197938) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Idaho) | Vulpes vulpes (20569) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Ioannina) | Vulpes vulpes (208561) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Japan (Aomori) | Vulpes vulpes (101898 101899) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Israel (Mount Carmel) | Vulpes vulpes (11803) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (California) | Vulpes cascadensis (155393) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Utah) | Vulpes vulpes (93329) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Morocco | Vulpes vulpes (230984) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Virginia) | Vulpes vulpes (104035) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Greece (Peloponnesus) | Vulpes vulpes (184243) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Utah) | Vulpes vulpes (93326) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Greece (Argolida) | Vulpes vulpes (182709) | |
| Holocene | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Vulpes vulpes (191169) | |
| Holocene | Bulgaria | Canis vulpes (232847) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Ontario) | Vulpes vulpes (221863) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Quebec) | Vulpes vulpes (221970 224189) | |
| Holocene | Greece (Attica) | Vulpes vulpes (183130) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Newfoundland) | Vulpes vulpes (228844) | |
| Holocene | Italy (Sicily) | Vulpes vulpes (175523) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Vulpes vulpes (228921) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Yukon) | Vulpes vulpes (228443) | |
| Holocene | Russian Federation | Vulpes vulpes (171637) | |
| Holocene | USA (Montana) | Vulpes vulpes (162133) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Nunavut) | Vulpes vulpes (228919) |