PBDB Taxon

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Loxonema

Gastropoda - Murchisoniina - Loxonematidae

Taxonomy

Loxonema was named by Phillips (1841) [Sepkoski's age data: O Cara-l Tr Nori Sepkoski's reference number: 2,797,896]. It is not extant. Its type is Terebra sinuosum. It is the type genus of Loxonematidae.

It was assigned to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Loxonematidae by Knight et al. (1960) and Bouchet et al. (2005).

Species

L. (Heterocosmia), L. acicularis, L. annae, L. approximatum, L. arpadis, L. australis, L. bellona, L. benevolum, L. beraunense, L. bertiense, L. binodosa, L. bongardia, L. boydii, L. broeggeri, L. carinatum, L. coapta, L. constans, L. contrictum, L. cornubicum, L. cortii, L. costulatum (syn. L. libens), L. crispa, L. crucianum, L. cylindricum, L. dalecarlicum, L. danai, L. debile, L. delicatula, L. deornatum, L. derelictum, L. eucycloides, L. eurekensis, L. fasciatum, L. fasciatum, L. fecundum, L. fitchi, L. fragillima, L. fusca, L. grayianum, L. gregaria, L. gregarium, L. grignense, L. haueri, L. heteromorphum, L. hibernicum, L. highlandense, L. hydraulica, L. inclytum, L. inconspicuum, L. inexpectatum, L. infrasilurica, L. insociale (syn. L. sturi), L. intumescens, L. invariabile, L. johannisboehmi, L. kayseri, L. kobelli, L. kokeni, L. laeve, L. leda, L. ledburiense, L. leviusulcum, L. lindstroemi, L. magnum, L. medium, L. megaspirae, L. modestum, L. murrayana, L. neptunis, L. ningxiaensis, L. nitida, L. nobile, L. obsoleta, L. pagoda, L. parvula, L. paucicostatum, L. perlonga, L. perneri, L. philipii, L. phillipsi (syn. L. geinitziana, Turritella tunstallensis), L. pikensis, L. planatum, L. plasi, L. plicatissimum, L. pollens, L. polonica, L. postremum, L. praecedens, L. praeteritum, L. propinquum, L. pseudofasciatum, L. pseudomorphum, L. pupoideum, L. rarecostatum, L. rectangulare, L. reedi, L. renellaeformis, L. retusum, L. rude, L. rugosum, L. scalarioideum, L. sellai, L. septentrionale, L. sinuosum (syn. L. acuminatum), L. solida, L. solvens, L. spurium, L. strangulatum, L. striatissimum, L. stylum, L. subangulatum, L. subanthophylloides, L. subattenuata, L. subconvexa, L. subulata, L. subvariabile, L. torquatum, L. turritelliformis, L. tzwetaevi, L. vagrans, L. varicosum, L. variscoiformis, L. walcotti, L. wetzlariana, L. winnipegense

Species lacking formal opinion data

L. turritelliforme, L. ventricosa

Synonyms

Loxonema inconspicuum was named by Girty (1909). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is USGS 2967 green, El Capitan, Guadalupe Mountains, which is in a Roadian reef, buildup or bioherm limestone in the Cutoff Formation of Texas.

It was considered a nomen dubium by I (2016) and Wagner (2023).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1841	Loxonema Phillips
1909	Loxonema inconspicuum Girty p. 486 figs. Pl 24, fig 19
1960	Loxonema Knight et al. p. 311
2002	Loxonema Sepkoski
2005	Loxonema Bouchet et al. p. 102

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca

Rank	Name	Author
class	Gastropoda
subclass	Orthogastropoda
order	Murchisoniina
superfamily	Loxonematoidea	(Koken 1889)
family	Loxonematidae
genus	Loxonema

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Loxonema Phillips 1841

show all | hide all

Subg. †Loxonema (Heterocosmia) Koken 1894

†Loxonema (Heterocosmia) grandis Koken 1894

†Loxonema (Heterocosmia) insignis Koken 1894

†Loxonema (Heterocosmia) subinsignis Krumbeck 1924

†Loxonema (Heterocosmia) timorensis Krumbeck 1924

†Loxonema acicularis Roemer 1855

†Loxonema annae Kittl 1894

†Loxonema approximatum Walcott 1884

†Loxonema arpadis Kittl 1900

†Loxonema australis Chapman 1916

†Loxonema bellona Hall 1876

†Loxonema benevolum Perner 1907

†Loxonema beraunense Perner 1903

†Loxonema bertiense Ruedemann 1925

†Loxonema binodosa von Wöhrmann 1889

†Loxonema bongardia Heidelberger 2001

†Loxonema boydii Hall 1843

†Loxonema broeggeri Koken and Perner 1925

†Loxonema carinatum Kirchner 1915

†Loxonema coapta Hall 1876

†Loxonema constans Böhm 1895

†Loxonema contrictum Böhm 1895

†Loxonema cornubicum Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema cortii Kittl 1899

†Loxonema costulatum Perner 1907

Invalid names: Loxonema libens Perner 1907 [synonym]

†Loxonema crispa Lindström 1884

†Loxonema crucianum Kittl 1899

†Loxonema cylindricum Dietz 1911

†Loxonema dalecarlicum Angelin and Lindström 1880

†Loxonema danai Clarke 1904

†Loxonema debile Perner 1903

†Loxonema delicatula Wilson 1938

†Loxonema deornatum de Koninck 1881

†Loxonema derelictum Perner 1903

†Loxonema eucycloides Kittl 1900

†Loxonema eurekensis Walcott 1884

†Loxonema fasciatum Lindström 1884

†Loxonema fasciatum King 1848

†Loxonema fecundum de Koninck 1881

†Loxonema fitchi Hall 1859

†Loxonema fragillima Perner 1907

†Loxonema fusca Koken 1900

†Loxonema grayianum Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema gregaria Knod 1908

†Loxonema gregarium de Sowerby and Murchison 1839

†Loxonema grignense Kittl 1899

†Loxonema haueri Klipstein 1843

†Loxonema heteromorphum Gemmellaro 1889

†Loxonema hibernicum Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema highlandense Clarke 1909

†Loxonema hydraulica Hall and Whitfield 1872

†Loxonema inclytum Perner 1907

†Loxonema inexpectatum Perner 1903

†Loxonema infrasilurica Koken and Perner 1925

†Loxonema insociale Kittl 1894

Invalid names: Loxonema sturi Böhm 1895 [synonym]

†Loxonema intumescens Lindström 1884

†Loxonema invariabile Kittl 1894

†Loxonema johannisboehmi Philippi 1898

†Loxonema kayseri Holzapfel 1895

†Loxonema kobelli Klipstein 1843

†Loxonema kokeni Kittl 1894

†Loxonema laeve Römer 1850

†Loxonema leda Hall 1868

†Loxonema ledburiense Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema leviusulcum de Koninck 1881

†Loxonema lindstroemi Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema magnum Whitfield 1878

†Loxonema medium Dietz 1911

†Loxonema megaspirae Karczewski 1989

†Loxonema modestum Kittl 1900

†Loxonema murrayana Salter 1859

†Loxonema neptunis Kittl 1894

†Loxonema ningxiaensis Pan 1997

†Loxonema nitida Longstaff 1924

†Loxonema nobile Walcott 1884

†Loxonema obsoleta de Sowerby and Murchison 1839

†Loxonema pagoda Koken 1900

†Loxonema parvula Perner 1903

†Loxonema paucicostatum Kirchner 1915

†Loxonema perlonga Perner 1907

†Loxonema perneri Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema perneri dudleyense Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema philipii Gruber 1932

†Loxonema phillipsi Howse 1848

Invalid names: Loxonema geinitziana King 1848 [synonym], Turritella tunstallensis Howse 1848 [synonym]

†Loxonema pikensis Hyde 1953

†Loxonema planatum Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema plasi Horný 1953

†Loxonema plicatissimum Gemmellaro 1889

†Loxonema pollens Perner 1903

†Loxonema polonica Gürich 1896

†Loxonema postremum Hall 1883

†Loxonema praecedens Perner 1903

†Loxonema praeteritum Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema propinquum Perner 1907

†Loxonema pseudofasciatum Donald 1905

†Loxonema pseudomorphum Gemmellaro 1889

†Loxonema pupoideum Gemmellaro 1889

†Loxonema rarecostatum Böhm 1895

†Loxonema rectangulare Spitz 1907

†Loxonema reedi Longstaff 1909

†Loxonema renellaeformis Römer 1843

†Loxonema retusum Dietz 1911

†Loxonema rude Perner 1903

†Loxonema rugosum Billings 1857

†Loxonema scalarioideum Phillips 1836

†Loxonema sellai Kittl 1899

†Loxonema septentrionale Koken and Perner 1925

†Loxonema sinuosum de Sowerby and Murchison 1839

Invalid names: Loxonema acuminatum Perner 1907 [synonym]

†Loxonema solida Hall 1859

†Loxonema solvens Perner 1907

†Loxonema spurium de Koninck 1881

†Loxonema strangulatum Lindström 1884

†Loxonema striatissimum Reed 1897

†Loxonema stylum Tolmachoff 1930

†Loxonema subangulatum Öpik 1953

†Loxonema subanthophylloides Krumbeck 1913

†Loxonema subattenuata Hall 1859

†Loxonema subconvexa Yü 1961

†Loxonema subulata Römer 1843

†Loxonema subvariabile Kittl 1899

†Loxonema torquatum Perner 1907

†Loxonema turritelliformis Klipstein 1843

†Loxonema tzwetaevi Gemmellaro 1889

†Loxonema vagrans Wilson 1938

†Loxonema varicosum Gemmellaro 1889

†Loxonema variscoiformis Krumbeck 1924

†Loxonema walcotti Blodgett and Johnson 1992

†Loxonema wetzlariana Heidelberger 2001

†Loxonema winnipegense Whiteaves 1893

Invalid names: Loxonema inconspicuum Girty 1909 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

part	N	mean	minimum	maximum	median	s.d.
shell height	12	13.5	5.70	97.5	10.9	25.2

Composition:

aragoniteo

Entire body:

yesg

Adult length:

10 to < 100g

Adult width:

10 to < 100g

Adult height:

10 to < 100g

Folds:

noneg

Ribbing:

noneg

Spines:

noneg

Internal reinforcement:

noneg

Locomotion:

facultatively mobilef

Life habit:

epifaunalf

Diet:

suspension feederf

Vision:

limitedo

Comments:

BODY SIZE: Data from Knight et al. (1960).g

Created:

2009-06-06 08:07:05

Modified:

2009-06-06 10:07:05

Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order

References: Bambach et al. 2007, Hendy 2009

Age range: base of the Tremadoc to the top of the Norian or 486.50000 to 208.50000 Ma

Collections (338 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Tremadoc - Floian	486.5 - 470.0	USA (Utah)	L. sp. (154882)
Middle Ordovician - Late/Upper Ordovician	470.0 - 443.8	Canada (Nunavut)	L. sp. (24241)
Costonian - Harnagian	458.4 - 457.2	China (ShanXi)	L. sp. (8009)
Soudleyan - Marshbrookian	458.4 - 454.0	Norway	L. sp. (3251)
Soudleyan - Actonian	458.4 - 453.0	Norway	L. sp. (34843)
Berounian	457.9 - 449.8	Czech Republic	L. parvula (154463)
Turinian	457.3 - 453.8	Canada (Ontario)	L. murrayana (185451)
Blackriveran	457.3 - 449.6	Canada (Quebec)	L. murrayana (63816)
Burrellian	456.6 - 452.5	United Kingdom (Scotland)	Hormotoma nitida (78001)
Keila - Oandu	453.9 - 451.8	Sweden (Dalarna)	L. dalecarlicum (155566)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Carnian - Norian	237.0 - 208.5	Indonesia (Timor)	L. insignis, L. timorensis (205174) L. pagoda (205169) L. variscoiformis, L. subinsignis, L. grandis, L. timorensis (205303)
Late/Upper Triassic	237.0 - 201.4	Indonesia (West Sumatra)	L. sp. (204434 204436)
Julian	235.0 - 232.0	Italy	L. annae (69656 69659) L. annae, L. turritelliformis (144631) L. sp. (69651 69671 69677) L. turritelliformis (69664 69667 69669 69673 69690 144633 202422)
Tuvalian	232.0 - 221.5	Austria	L. binodosa (149435)
Tuvalian	232.0 - 221.5	Austria (Tyrol)	L. binodosa (203207)
Tuvalian - Lacian	232.0 - 215.56	China (Sichuan)	L. sp. (25406)
Norian	228.0 - 208.5	Indonesia (Timor)	L. fusca (205283)
Norian	228.0 - 208.5	Colombia (Tolima)	L. sp. (101066)
Lacian	221.5 - 215.56	Indonesia (Maluku)	L. sp. (204487) L. subanthophylloides (204489)
Sevatian	212.0 - 205.6	Hungary	L. sp. (204765)