PBDB Taxon

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Anomoepus

Reptilia - Moyenisauropodidae

Taxonomy

Anomoepus was named by Hitchcock (1848). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Anomoepus scambus. It is the type genus of Anomoepodidae.

It was assigned to Batrachia by Hitchcock (1848); to Dinosauria by Hitchcock (1898); to Orthopoda by Lull (1917); to Anemoepodidae by Haubold (1969); to Ornithischia by Haubold (1974); to Theropoda by Romero Molina et al. (2003); to Anomoepidae by Lockley and Gierlinski (2006); to Ornithopoda by Lull (1924), Thulborn (1993), Thulborn (2006) and Gierlinski et al. (2009); to Ornithischia by Weishampel (2006) and Niedźwiedzki (2011); and to Anomoepodidae by Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Lull (1953), Kuhn (1958), Kuhn (1963), Haubold (1971), Olsen and Galton (1984), Olsen (1986), Gierlinski (1991), Avanzini et al. (2001), Niedzwiedzki and Pienkowski (2004), Lockley et al. (2009), Li et al. (2010) and Xing et al. (2016).

Species

A. crassus, A. culbertsonii, A. fringilla, A. gallinuloides, A. giganteus, A. lacertoideus, A. major, A. minutus, A. moabensis, A. moghrebensis, A. palmipes, A. pienkovskii, A. ranivorus, A. scambus (syn. Moyenisauropus longicauda, Moyenisauropus dodai, A. isodactylus, A. minor, Apatichnus circumagens, Moyenisauropus vermivorus, Moyenisauropus natator, Eubrontes gracillimus, Moyenisauropus minor, A. cuneatus, Plesiornis quadrupes, Moyenisauropus natatilis, A. intermedius, Brontozoum fulicoides, Aethyopus minor, Apatichnus holyokensis, Plesiornis minor, A. curvatus, A. minimus, Moyenisauropus levicauda) (type species), A. shingi, A. turda, Moyenisauropus karaszevskii, Shensipus tungchuanensis, Shensipus xiaoliheensis

Synonyms

Hopiichnus was named by Welles (1971). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Anomoepus by Lockley and Gierlinski (2006).

It was assigned to Ornithomimidae by Welles (1971).
Moyenisauropus was named by Ellenberger (1970). It is the type genus of Moyenisauropodidae.

It was synonymized subjectively with Anomoepus by Olsen and Rainforth (2003) and Irmis (2005).

It was assigned to Coelurosauria by Ellenberger (1972); to Anomoepodidae by Gierlinksi and Potemska (1987); to Moyenisauropodidae by Ellenberger (1974) and Gierlinski (1991); to Theropoda by Romero Molina et al. (2003); to Ornithischia by Gierlinski and Niedzwiedzki (2005); to Ornithopoda by Thulborn (1993) and Thulborn (2006); and to Ornithischia by Knoll (2005), Smith et al. (2009) and Niedźwiedzki (2011).
Shensipus was named by Young (1966).

It was synonymized subjectively with Anomoepus by Xing et al. (2015).

It was assigned to Theropoda by Young (1966); to Coelurosauria by Haubold (1971); to Saurischia by Haubold (1974); to Coelurosauria by Zhen et al. (1989); to Theropoda by Romero Molina et al. (2003); and to Coelurosauria by Li and Zhang (2017).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1848	Anomoepus Hitchcock p. 220
1898	Anomoepus Hitchcock p. 401
1904	Anomoepus Lull p. 500
1915	Anomoepus Lull p. 208
1917	Anomoepus Lull p. 117
1924	Anomoepus Lull p. 260
1927	Anomoepus Hitchcock and Grier p. 187
1953	Anomoepus Lull p. 192
1958	Anomoepus Kuhn p. 24
1963	Anomoepus Kuhn p. 89
1966	Shensipus Young p. 70
1969	Anomoepus Haubold p. 101
1970	Moyenisauropus Ellenberger p. 374
1971	Shensipus Haubold p. 73
1971	Anomoepus Haubold p. 83
1971	Hopiichnus Welles p. 32
1972	Moyenisauropus Ellenberger p. 152
1974	Moyenisauropus Ellenberger p. 27
1974	Shensipus Haubold p. 45
1974	Anomoepus Haubold p. 46
1984	Anomoepus Olsen and Galton p. 99
1986	Anomoepus Olsen p. 21
1987	Moyenisauropus Gierlinksi and Potemska
1989	Shensipus Zhen et al. p. 192
1991	Anomoepus Gierlinski p. 141
1991	Moyenisauropus Gierlinski p. 143
1993	Anomoepus Thulborn p. 462
1993	Moyenisauropus Thulborn p. 462
2001	Anomoepus Avanzini et al. p. 132
2003	Anomoepus Romero Molina et al. p. 24
2003	Moyenisauropus Romero Molina et al. p. 24
2003	Shensipus Romero Molina et al. p. 25
2004	Anomoepus Niedzwiedzki and Pienkowski p. 337
2005	Moyenisauropus Gierlinski and Niedzwiedzki p. 99
2005	Moyenisauropus Knoll p. 85
2006	Anomoepus Lockley and Gierlinski p. 179
2006	Anomoepus Thulborn p. 284
2006	Moyenisauropus Thulborn p. 288 fig. 7
2006	Anomoepus Weishampel p. 141
2009	Anomoepus Gierlinski et al. p. 230
2009	Anomoepus Lockley et al. p. 263
2009	Moyenisauropus Smith et al. p. 679
2010	Anomoepus Li et al. p. 733
2011	Anomoepus Niedźwiedzki p. 293
2011	Moyenisauropus Niedźwiedzki p. 294
2016	Anomoepus Xing et al. p. 518
2017	Shensipus Li and Zhang p. 282

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
—	Genasauria
—	Cerapoda
—	Ornithopoda	()
family	Moyenisauropodidae
genus	Anomoepus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Anomoepus Hitchcock 1848

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†Anomoepus crassus Hitchcock 1889

†Anomoepus culbertsonii King 1844

†Anomoepus fringilla Ellenberger 1974

†Anomoepus gallinuloides King 1844

†Anomoepus giganteus Hitchcock and Grier 1927

†Anomoepus lacertoideus Hitchcock 1858

†Anomoepus major Hitchcock 1858

†Anomoepus minutus Ellenberger 1974

†Anomoepus moabensis Lockley et al. 1992

†Anomoepus moghrebensis Biron and Dutuit 1981

†Anomoepus palmipes Ellenberger 1970

†Anomoepus pienkovskii Gierlinski 1991

†Anomoepus ranivorus Ellenberger 1970

†Anomoepus scambus Hitchcock 1848

Invalid names: Anomoepus cuneatus Hitchcock 1889 [synonym], Anomoepus curvatus Hitchcock 1862 [synonym], Anomoepus intermedius Hitchcock 1862 [synonym], Anomoepus isodactylus Hitchcock 1889 [synonym], Anomoepus minimus Hitchcock 1862 [synonym], Anomoepus minor Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Apatichnus circumagens Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Eubrontes gracillimus Hitchcock 1844 [synonym], Moyenisauropus dodai Ellenberger 1974 [synonym], Moyenisauropus levicauda Ellenberger 1974 [synonym], Moyenisauropus longicauda Ellenberger 1972 [synonym], Moyenisauropus minor Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Moyenisauropus natatilis Ellenberger 1974 [synonym], Moyenisauropus natator Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Moyenisauropus vermivorus Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Plesiornis quadrupes Hitchcock 1858 [synonym]

†Anomoepus shingi Welles 1971

†Anomoepus turda Ellenberger 1972

Invalid names: Hopiichnus Welles 1971 [synonym], Moyenisauropus Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Shensipus Young 1966 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
E. Hitchcock 1848	Hind feet plantigrade, three-toed (four-toed?); all the toes pointing forward. Heel long, extending to the tarsal joint. Fore foot quinquefid, digitigrade. All the toes pachydactylous, and making phalangeal impressions.
G. Gierlinski 1991 (Moyenisauropus)	Normally bipedal, but sometimes also quadrupedal. Pes functionally tridactyl. Hallux rarely imprinted. Pedal digits massive, short and highly divaricated, Two phalangeal pads are present in the pedal digit III. The pedal digit IV is longest. In the trackway, the pes is directed inward. Metatarsal impression occurs when the trackmaker rests. In the pes imprints, which were left during active locomotion, the angle between digits II and III is always larger than that one between digits III and IV. The pentadactyl manus has short and thick digits. Manual digits are subequal in length.
G. Gierlinski 1991	Normally bipedal, but sometimes quadrupedal also. Pes with three functional digits. Hallux rarely imprinted. Pedal digits II, III and IV usually tend to be subequal in length, but sometimes digit IV is clearly the longest one. In the trackway, the pes is directed forward or inward. Metatarsal impression occurs when the trackmaker rests. The manus is tetradactyl or pentadactyl. Manual digits II and III are longest.
L. Xing et al. 2016	{After Olsen and Rainforth 2003). Small tracks (pes imprints , 20 cm long) of a facultative biped with wide digit divarication and weak mesaxony. Pes imprints tetradactyl, but functionally tridactyl. Sitting tracks with metatarsal and pentadactyl manus impressions. Metatarsal-phalangeal pad of digit IV almost directly in line with axis of digit III in walking tracks. Pedal digit I (hallux) relatively long and often at least partially impressed, especially in sitting tracks. In the manus, digit III longest with other digits decreasing in length symmetrically away from that digit. Tail trace usually present in sitting tracks. Fully bipedal as well as quadrupedal walking trackways occur.