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Surculifera

Asteroidea

Taxonomy
Surculifera was named by Gale (1987). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Gale (1987) and Gale (2011).

It was assigned to Neoasteroidea by Gale (1987); and to Neoasteroidea by Gale (2011).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1987Surculifera Gale p. 123
2011Surculifera Gale p. 54

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumEleutherozoa
RankNameAuthor
—Asterozoa()
classAsteroidea
subclassAmbuloasteroidea
infraclassNeoasteroidea()
superorderSurculifera
superorderSurculifera

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superor. Surculifera Gale 1987
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Unr. Spinulosida Perrier 1884
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Unr. Chevronida Gale 2018
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Fm. Tremasteridae Sladen 1889
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G. †Mesotremaster Hess 1972
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†Mesotremaster felli Hess 1972
†Mesotremaster mazetieri Mercier 1935
Unr. Velatida Perrier 1893
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G. †Decacuminaster Villier et al. 2009
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†Decacuminaster solaris Villier et al. 2009
Unr. Korethrasteridae Danielssen and Koren 1884
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G. †Becuaster Gale 2018
G. †Furculaster Gale 2022
G. †Kutscheraster Gale 2022
G. Peribolaster Sladen 1889
G. †Protremaster Smith and Tranter 1985
G. †Thuyaster Gale 2018
G. †Plesiastropecten Peyer 1944
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Unr. Pterasteridae Perrier 1875
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G. †Hansaster Gale 2018
G. †Longwyaster Gale 2018
G. †Propteraster Gale 2018
G. Pteraster Müller and Troschel 1842
G. †Savignaster Gale 2011
Fm. Solasteridae Viguier 1878
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G. Lophaster Verrill 1878
G. Solaster Forbes 1839
Fm. †Tropidasteridae Wright 1880
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G. †Plumaster Wright 1863
G. †Tropidaster Forbes 1850
G. †Xandarosaster Blake 1984
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†Xandarosaster hessi Blake 1984
Invalid names: Caymanostellidae Belyaev 1974 [empty], Myxasteridae Perrier 1891 [empty]
Fm. Echinasteridae Verrill 1870
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G. Echinaster Müller and Troschel 1840
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†Echinaster jacobseni Rasmussen 1972
Invalid names: Rhopia Gray 1840 [objective synonym]
G. Henricia Gray 1840
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†Henricia parahybensis Maury 1930
Subor. †Eugnathina Spencer and Wright 1966
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Fm. †Plesiosolasteridae Hess 1972
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G. †Plesiosolaster Hess 1972
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†Plesiosolaster moretonis Forbes 1856
Invalid names: Brachisolaster Blake 1993 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Arkonasteridae Kesling 1982 [empty]
Subor. Leptognathina Spencer and Wright 1966
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Fm. Valvasteridae Viguier 1878
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G. †Diclidaster de Loriol 1897
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†Diclidaster gevreyi de Loriol 1897
Invalid names: Plumasteridae Gale 2011 [empty]
Unr. Tripedicellaria Gale 2011
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Unr. Forcipulatida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Asteriidae Gray 1840
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Subfm. Asteriinae Gray 1840
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G. Asterias Linnaeus 1758
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Invalid names: Asteracanthion Müller and Troschel 1840 [synonym], Uraster Agassiz 1836 [objective synonym]
G. †Cretasterias Gale and Villier 2013
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†Cretasterias reticulatus Gale and Villier 2013
Subfm. †Dermasterinae Hess 1972
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G. †Dermaster de Loriol 1899
G. †Germanasterias Blake 1990
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G. †Hystrixasterias Blake 1990
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G. †Pegaster Blake and Peterson 1993
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†Pegaster stichos Blake and Peterson 1993
†Pegaster sticos Blake and Peterson 1993
G. †Polarasterias Rousseau et al. 2018
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†Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau et al. 2018
G. †Savignasterias Gale 2011
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G. Sclerasterias Perrier 1891
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†Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri Blake and Aronson 1998
Unr. Brisingida Fisher 1928
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Fm. Brisingidae Sars 1875
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G. Brisingella Fisher 1917
Invalid names: Brisingasteridae Mah 1996 [empty], Freyellidae Downey 1986 [empty], Hymenodiscidae Mah 1996 [empty], Odinellidae Mah 1996 [empty]
Fm. Heliasteridae Viguier 1878
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G. Heliaster Gray 1840
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Fm. Neomorphasteridae Fisher 1923
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G. †Argoviaster Hess 1972
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†Argoviaster occultus Hess 1972
Fm. Pedicellasteridae Perrier 1884
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G. †Afraster Blake et al. 1996
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†Afraster scalariformis Blake et al. 1996
G. †Psammaster Fau et al. 2020
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†Psammaster davidsoni de Loriol and Pellat 1874
Fm. †Stichasteridae Perrier 1885
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G. †Atalopegaster Blake and Guensburg 2016
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†Atalopegaster gundersoni Blake and Guensburg 2016
Fm. Zoroasteridae Sladen 1889
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G. Doraster Downey 1970
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†Doraster mizunoi Kato and Oji 2013
G. Zoroaster Thomson 1873
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Zoroaster fulgens Thomson 1873
Invalid names: Asteriadina Fisher 1928 [empty], Labidiasteridae Verrill 1914 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calcitec
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marinep
Locomotion: slow-movingc
Life habit: low-level epifaunalc
Diet: carnivorec
Vision: limitedc
Dispersal: waterp
Dispersal 2: planktonicp
Created: 2004-02-28 15:35:10
Modified: 2010-02-09 06:02:08
Source: c = class, p = phylum
References: Aberhan 1992, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Hettangian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 201.30000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 199.3 Ma

Collections (61 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Hettangian201.3 - 199.3France Diclidaster gevreyi (78715)
Hettangian201.3 - 199.3Switzerland Plesiastropecten hallovensis (32020)
Early/Lower Hettangian201.3 - 196.5Switzerland Plesiastropecten hallovensis (32019)
Late/Upper Hettangian201.3 - 196.5Germany (Württemberg) Hystrixasterias hettangiurnus, Germanasterias amplipapularia (59868)
Liasicus201.3 - 196.5Belgium (Luxembourg) Asterias sp. (40087)
Sinemurian199.3 - 190.8Antarctica Protremaster universalis (92930)
Pliensbachian190.8 - 182.7France Plumaster sp., Tropidaster pectinatus (106348)
Davoei189.6 - 183.0United Kingdom (England) Tropidaster pectinatus, Asterias gaveyi (33336)
Middle Toarcian182.0 - 175.6France (Poitou-Charentes) Plesiastropecten hallovensis (31839)
Late/Upper Bajocian171.6 - 167.7Switzerland Mesotremaster felli, Argoviaster occultus, Dermaster boehmi, Plesiosolaster moretonis (32036)
Bajocian170.3 - 168.3Switzerland Xandarosaster hessi (32021)
Late/Upper Bathonian167.7 - 164.7France Asterias ranvillensis (58932) Stauraster mazetieri (72284)
Middle Bathonian167.7 - 164.7United Kingdom Brachisolaster moretonis (59884)
Early/Lower Callovian164.7 - 161.2France Solaster sp. (58221)
Early/Lower Callovian164.7 - 161.2Switzerland Asteriidae indet. (61717)
Late/Upper Jurassic161.5 - 145.0USA (Montana) Atalopegaster gundersoni (216832)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7Switzerland Asteriidae indet. (61723)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7France Plumaster sp., Savignaster wardi, Savignasterias villieri (61724)
Late/Upper Barremian130.0 - 125.45France (Drôme) Forcipulatida indet. (75576 177726)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Morocco Zoroasteridae indet. (124947)
Late/Upper Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5France Asteriidae indet. (59792 59793 59794 59795)
Early/Lower Turonian93.5 - 89.3France Asteriidae indet. (59796)
Late/Upper Turonian93.5 - 89.3France Asteriidae indet. (59582)
Early/Lower Coniacian89.3 - 85.8France Asteriidae indet. (59798)
Late/Upper Coniacian89.3 - 85.8Angola Afraster scalariformis (59842)
Campanian83.6 - 72.1USA (California) Pegaster stichos (59865)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Belgium (Liege) Asteriidae indet. (32147) Pteraster sp. (32150)
Maastrichtian - Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.1 - 66.0Brazil (Paraíba) Henricia parahybensis (88070)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Echinasteridae indet., Asteriidae indet., Pteraster sp. (32022)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Morocco Cretasterias reticulatus (145471)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Antarctica Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri, Zoroaster fulgens (7296 81846) Zoroaster fulgens (42446 98515 99090 203480 203491 203500 203504)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Antarctica Zoroaster fulgens (98416 203498 203499)
Lutetian - Priabonian47.8 - 33.9Antarctica Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri (203488) Zoroaster fulgens (203489 203495 203503)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9New Zealand (North Island) Zoroaster whangareiensis (204562)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Japan Brisingella sp. (109709)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Argentina (Entre Rios) Asterias dugratii (13626)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333USA (California) Asterias remondii (203557)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6USA (Florida) Heliaster microbrachius (35026)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588USA (Florida) Heliaster microbrachius (32039)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117USA (Massachusetts) Asterias stellionura, Asterias lincki (203613)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Maryland) Asterias forbesi (48886 66720)