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Testudinidae

Reptilia - Testudines - Testudinidae

Taxonomy

Testudinidae was named by Batsch (1788) [plastron and carapace]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Joyce et al. (2004) and Vlachos (2018).

It was assigned to Testudinata by Gray (1869); to Cryptodira by Lydekker (1889); to Cryptodira by Andrews (1906); to Chelonia by Owen (1842) and Stirton (1953); to Trionychoidea by Estes (1964); to Testudinata by Estes and Berberian (1970); to Testudines by Böhme (2008); to Testudines by Frank and Ramus (1996), Manzano et al. (2009) and Zacarias et al. (2013); to Cryptodira by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Lambe (1908), Kuhn (1946), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Meylan and Auffenberg (1986), Meylan and Sterrer (2000), Lapparent de Broin (2002), Hutchison et al. (2004), Staesche et al. (2007), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2014), Vlachos et al. (2014), Vlachos et al. (2015), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2016), Vlachos and Delfino (2016) and Turvey et al. (2017); to Testudinoidea by Baur (1893), Gaffney (1975), Antunes and de Broin (1977), Carroll (1988), Takahashi et al. (2003), Hervet (2003), Karl (2007), Pérez-García et al. (2013), van Dijk et al. (2014), Garcia et al. (2016), Pérez-García et al. (2017) and de la Fuente et al. (2018); and to Pantestudinidae by Joyce et al. (2004) and Vlachos (2018).

Subtaxa

Achilemys, Agrionemys, Aldabrachelys, Anhuichelys, Astrochelys, Cachuga, Caryoderma, Centrochelys, Cheirogaster, Chelone, Chelonoidis, Chelys patagonica, Chersina, Cylindraspis, Damonia, Dipsochelys, Emys sombrerensis, Ergilemys, Eurotestudo, Floridemys (syn. Bystra), Floridemys hurdi, Fontainechelon, Geochelone, Geochelone (Chelonoidis), Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) equicomes, Gigantochersina, Gopherus (syn. Scaptochelys, Xerobates, Bysmachelys), Gopherus praecedens, Hesperotestudo (syn. Caudochelys), Homopus, Impregnochelys, Indotestudo, Juvemys, Kansuchelys, Kinixys, Malacochersus, Manouria, Megalochelys, Mesochersus, Miotestudo, Namibchersus, Nicoria, Palaeoemys, Paleotestudo, Pelorochelon, Psammobates, Pyxis, Sinohadrianus, Stigmochelys, Stylemys, Stylemys calaverensis, Taraschelon, Testudininae, Testudininei, Testudinites sellovii, Testudo (syn. Pseudotestudo), Testudo annae, Testudo atascosae, Testudo castrensis, Testudo cultrata, Testudo exornata, Testudo formosa, Testudo francisi, Testudo hayi, Testudo klettiana, Testudo laticaudata, Testudo louisekressmani, Testudo luciae, Testudo ocalana, Testudo paranensis, Testudo peragrans, Testudo quadratus, Testudo undata, Titanochelon

View classification of included taxa

Synonyms

Testudo annae was named by Hay (1923). It is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Pittsbridge on the Brazos River, which is in a Miocene terrestrial horizon in Texas.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Auffenberg (1963) and Vlachos (2018).
Testudo francisi was named by Hay (1923). Its type specimen is TMM TAMU 23-2242, a partial shell (right epiplastron), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Gravel Pit at Temple, which is in a Pleistocene terrestrial gravel in Texas.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Auffenberg (1963) and Vlachos (2018).
Testudo quadratus was named by Cope (1884). Its type specimen is AMNH 1149 (holotype), a partial shell (fragmentary epiplastron and partial nuchal), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Horsetail Creek, which is in a Chadronian terrestrial horizon in the White River Formation of Colorado.

It was synonymized subjectively with Gopherus (Oligopherus) laticuneus by Hutchison (1996); it was synonymized subjectively with Gopherus laticuneus by Wall and Maddox (1998) and Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Williams (1950), Auffenberg (1963) and Vlachos (2018).
Gopherus praecedens was named by Hay (1916). It is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Vero, which is in a Pleistocene channel sandstone/sandstone in Florida.

It was synonymized subjectively with Gopherus polyphemus by Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Testudo pertenius was named by Cope (1892). Its type specimen is TMM 40287-32, a partial shell (shell fragments), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Near Mount Blanco, which is in a Pliocene terrestrial horizon in the Blanco beds Formation of Texas.

It was corrected as Testudo pertenuis by Cope (1893) and Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Gopherus canyonensis by Bramble (1982) and Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Testudo laticaudata was named by Cope (1893). Its type specimen is TMM 41412-2, a partial shell (a right epiplastron and xiphiplastron), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Rock Creek, which is in an Irvingtonian terrestrial horizon in the Tule Formation of Texas.

It was recombined as Geochelone (Caudochelys) laticaudata by Auffenberg (1963); it was synonymized subjectively with Gopherus hexagonata by Bramble (1982); it was considered a nomen vanum by Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Chelys patagonica was named by Wieland (1923). Its type specimen is YPM 351, a partial shell, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Near Puerto Militar, Bahia Blanca (Wieland's locality), which is in a Neogene terrestrial horizon in Argentina.

It was considered a nomen nudum by Simpson (1942) and de Broin and de la Fuente (1993); it was considered a nomen dubium by Joyce and Faux (2008) and de la Fuente et al. (2018).
Stylemys calaverensis was named by Sinclair (1903). Its type specimen is UCMP 8097 (holotype), a partial shell, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is near Vallecito (Stylemys calaverensis type locality), which is in a Miocene terrestrial gravel in California.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Testudo equicomes was named by Hay (1917). Its type specimen is USNM 10944 (holotype, a partial shell (right epiplastron and right hypoplastron), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Cragin Quarry General (Cragin collection), which is in an Irvingtonian terrestrial gravel in the Meade Formation of Kansas.

It was recombined as Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) equicomes by Auffenberg (1962) and Auffenberg (1963); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Testudo louisekressmani was named by Wark (1929) [type is "a poor reconstruction of a poor specimen" originally sharing the same number (FGS V-5001) as the type of Testudo hayi (Auffenberg 1963)]. Its type specimen is Possibly USNM 8815 (formerly FGS V 1803 and 5001) (holotype), a partial shell (disarticulated partial shell), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was synonymized subjectively with Geochelone (Caudochelys) hayi by Auffenberg (1963); it was considered a nomen dubium by Williams (1953) and Vlachos (2018).
Testudo hayi was named by Sellards (1916). Its type specimen is USNM 8815, a partial shell (posterior parts of the carapace and plastron), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Amalgamated Phosphate Company Mine, which is in a Serravallian lagoonal sandstone in the Peace River Formation of Florida.

It was recombined as Gopherus hayi by Williams (1950) and Ray (1957); it was recombined as Geochelone (Caudochelys) hayi by Auffenberg (1963); it was considered a nomen dubium by Williams (1953) and Vlachos (2018).
Testudo luciae was named by Hay (1916). Its type specimen is USNM 8818 (holotype), a partial shell (partial right hypoplastron), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Vero, which is in a Pleistocene channel sandstone/sandstone in Florida.

It was recombined as Geochelone luciae by Ray (1957); it was synonymized subjectively with Geochelone (Caudochelys) crassiscutata by Auffenberg (1963); it was considered a nomen dubium by Williams (1953) and Vlachos (2018).
Testudo ocalana was named by Hay (1916). Its type specimen is USNM 8822 (holotype), a partial shell (left epiplastron), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Ocala (precise locality unknown), which is in a Pleistocene marine horizon in the Ocala Formation of Florida.

It was recombined as Gopherus ocalana by Williams (1950); it was recombined as Geochelone ocalana by Ray (1957); it was synonymized subjectively with Geochelone (Caudochelys) crassiscutata by Auffenberg (1963); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Testudo undata was named by Cope (1875). Its type specimen is USNM 2127, a partial shell (pygal and seven peripherals), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is San Ildefonso Pueblo, which is in a Miocene terrestrial horizon in New Mexico.

It was recombined as Xerobates undata by Gilbert (1898); it was considered a nomen dubium by Auffenberg (1963) and Vlachos (2018).
Testudo klettiana was named by Cope (1875). Its type specimen is USNM 2127 (holotype), a partial shell (pygal plate), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is San Ildefonso Pueblo, which is in a Miocene terrestrial horizon in New Mexico.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Auffenberg (1963) and Vlachos (2018).
Testudo peragrans was named by Hay (1906). Its type specimen is CM 1101 (holotype), a partial skeleton (a skull and shell), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is McCarty's Mountain, which is in a Chadronian wet floodplain tuff in the Chadron Formation of Montana.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Auffenberg (1963) and Vlachos (2018).
Emys sombrerensis was named by Leidy (1868). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Ciego Montero, which is in a Pleistocene terrestrial horizon in Cuba.

It was recombined as Geochelone sombrerensis by Auffenberg (1967); it was recombined as Chelonoidis sombrerensis by Auffenberg (1974) and Rhodin et al. (2015); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Caryoderma was named by Cope (1886).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Osborn (1930).

It was assigned to Glyptodontidae by Cope (1889).
Testudo formosa was named by Moreno (1889). Its type specimen is MLP, probably lost and is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Monte Hermoso, which is in a Montehermosan terrestrial siltstone in the Monte Hermoso Formation of Argentina.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Auffenberg (1974), de Broin and de la Fuente (1993), de la Fuente et al. (2014) and de la Fuente et al. (2018).
Testudo castrensis was named by Bergounioux (1935). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Castrais, which is in a Bartonian terrestrial horizon in France.

It was recombined as Hadrianus castrensis by de Broin (1977); it was considered a nomen dubium by Pérez-García et al. (2016).
Testudinites sellovii was named by Weiss (1830). Its type specimen is MfN MB.R. 2480-2487 (syntypes), a partial shell (plastron fragments), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Paso del Catalán (coll. Sellow), which is in a Pleistocene terrestrial horizon in Uruguay.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Rhodin et al. (2015), Vlachos et al. (2018) and de la Fuente et al. (2018).
Testudo paranensis was named by Scalabrini (1887). Its type specimen is MPCNyAAS, an other, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Colonia La Celina, which is in a Huayquerian fluvial conglomerate/mudstone in the Ituzaingo Formation of Argentina.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Auffenberg (1974); it was considered a nomen nudum by de la Fuente et al. (2018).
Floridemys hurdi was named by Weems and George (2013). Its type specimen is CMM 4666 (holotype), a partial shell (nuchal), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Chesapeake Bay (Upper Calvert), which is in a Serravallian transition zone/lower shoreface claystone in the Calvert Formation of Maryland.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Testudo atascosae was named by Hay (1902). Its type specimen is ANSP and is not a trace fossil. Its type locality is Testudo atascosae type (PROXY), which is in a Pliocene terrestrial horizon in Texas.

It was recombined as Gopherus atascosae by Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Gopherus polyphemus by Bramble (1982) and Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Vlachos (2018).
Testudo exornata was named by Lambe (1906). Its type specimen is NMC 6229, an osteoderm (distal half of juvenile left C5), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Calf Creek, which is in a Chadronian terrestrial horizon in the Cypress Hills Formation of Canada.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Auffenberg (1963), Hutchison (1996) and Vlachos (2018).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1788	Testudinidae Batsch
1830	Testudinites sellovii Weiss p. 293
1842	Testudinidae Owen p. 160
1868	Emys sombrerensis Leidy p. 180
1869	Testudinidae Gray p. 166
1871	Testudinidae Cope p. 236
1875	Testudinidae Cope p. 16
1875	Testudo undata Cope p. 994
1875	Testudo klettiana Cope p. 995
1875	Testudo undata Cope p. 995
1884	Testudo quadratus Cope
1886	Caryoderma Cope
1887	Testudo paranensis Scalabrini
1889	Caryoderma Cope p. 662
1889	Testudinidae Lydekker p. 71
1889	Testudo formosa Moreno
1892	Testudo pertenius Cope
1893	Testudinidae Baur p. 675
1893	Testudo laticaudata Cope
1893	Testudo pertenuis Cope
1898	Xerobates undata Gilbert
1902	Gopherus atascosae Hay
1902	Testudo atascosae Hay
1902	Testudo klettiana Hay
1902	Testudo laticaudata Hay
1902	Testudo pertenuis Hay
1902	Testudo quadratus Hay
1902	Testudo undata Hay
1902	Testudo atascosae Hay p. 383 figs. 1-5
1903	Stylemys calaverensis Sinclair
1906	Testudinidae Andrews p. 277
1906	Testudo peragrans Hay p. 15
1906	Testudo exornata Lambe p. 187 figs. Pl. 3:1-3
1908	Testudinidae Lambe
1908	Testudo exornata Lambe
1916	Gopherus praecedens Hay
1916	Testudo luciae Hay
1916	Testudo ocalana Hay
1916	Testudo hayi Sellards
1917	Testudo equicomes Hay p. 41
1923	Testudo annae Hay p. 113
1923	Testudo francisi Hay p. 116
1923	Chelys patagonica Wieland
1929	Testudo louisekressmani Wark
1935	Testudo castrensis Bergounioux
1946	Testudo quadratus Gilmore p. 309
1946	Testudinidae Kuhn p. 58
1950	Gopherus hayi Williams
1950	Gopherus ocalana Williams p. 70
1953	Testudinidae Stirton p. 612
1957	Geochelone luciae Ray
1957	Geochelone ocalana Ray
1957	Gopherus hayi Ray
1962	Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) equicomes Auffenberg p. 630
1963	Geochelone (Caudochelys) hayi Auffenberg p. 78
1963	Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) equicomes Auffenberg p. 91
1963	Geochelone (Caudochelys) laticaudata Auffenberg p. 93
1963	Stylemys calaverensis Auffenberg p. 95
1964	Stylemys calaverensis Auffenberg p. 323
1964	Testudinidae Estes p. 99
1967	Geochelone sombrerensis Auffenberg
1970	Testudinidae Estes and Berberian p. 5
1974	Chelonoidis sellowi Auffenberg
1974	Chelonoidis sombrerensis Auffenberg
1975	Testudinidae Gaffney p. 429
1977	Testudinidae Antunes and de Broin
1977	Hadrianus castrensis de Broin
1981	Testudinidae Thurmond and Jones p. 123
1982	Gopherus praecedens Bramble p. 854
1986	Testudinidae Meylan and Auffenberg p. 280
1988	Testudinidae Carroll
1996	Testudinidae Frank and Ramus
2000	Testudinidae Meylan and Sterrer
2002	Testudinidae Lapparent de Broin
2003	Testudinidae Hervet
2003	Testudinidae Takahashi et al.
2004	Testudinidae Hutchison et al. p. 42
2004	Testudinidae Joyce et al.
2007	Testudinidae Karl p. 56
2007	Testudinidae Staesche et al.
2008	Testudinidae Böhme p. 168
2009	Testudinidae Manzano et al.
2013	Testudinidae Pérez-García et al.
2013	Floridemys hurdi Weems and George
2013	Testudinidae Zacarias et al.
2014	Testudinidae Vlachos et al.
2014	Testudinidae van Dijk et al.
2015	Chelonoidis sombrerensis Rhodin et al.
2015	Testudinidae Vlachos et al.
2016	Testudinidae Garcia et al.
2016	Testudinidae Vlachos and Delfino
2016	Testudinidae Vlachos and Tsoukala
2017	Testudinidae Pérez-García et al.
2017	Testudinidae Turvey et al.
2018	Testudinidae Vlachos
2018	Testudinidae de la Fuente et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Triploblastica
—	Nephrozoa
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
—	Sarcopterygii
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda	()
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria

Rank	Name	Author
—	Batrachosauria	()
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
—	Testudinata	(Oppel 1811)
order	Testudines	Batsch 1788
suborder	Cryptodira
—	Pantestudinoidea
superfamily	Testudinoidea
—	Pantestudinidae
family	Testudinidae	Batsch 1788
family	Testudinidae	Batsch 1788

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available