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Virgianidae

Rhynchonellata - Pentamerida - Virgianidae

Taxonomy
Virgianidae was named by Boucot and Amsden (1963). Its type is Virgiana.

It was assigned to Pentameracea by Boucot and Johnson (1964); and to Pentameroidea by Jin and Chatterton (1997), Williams et al. (2002), Rasmussen et al. (2010).

Subtaxa
Mariannaellinae, Mariannellinae, Pleurodiinae, Pseudoconchidium, Virgianinae
Entered
by J. Alroy on 2008-06-05; modified by B. Kröger on 2014-09-29

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1963Virgianidae Boucot and Amsden
1964Virgianidae Boucot and Johnson p. 4
1997Virgianidae Jin and Chatterton
2002Virgianidae Williams et al. p. 963
2010Virgianidae Rasmussen et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
—Lophophorata
—PanbrachiopodaCarlson and Cohen 2020
RankNameAuthor
phylumBrachiopodaCuvier 1805
subphylumRhynchonelliformeaWilliams et al. 1996
classRhynchonellataWilliams et al. 1996
orderPentameridaSchuchert and Cooper 1931
suborderPentameridinaSchuchert and Cooper 1931
superfamilyPentameroideaMcCoy 1844
familyVirgianidaeBoucot and Amsden 1963
familyVirgianidaeBoucot and Amsden 1963

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Virgianidae Boucot and Amsden 1963
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Subfm. †Mariannaellinae Sapelnikov and Rukavishnikova 1975
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G. †Costilamnulella Wright and Rong 2008
+
†Costilamnulella valdari Wright and Rong 2008
G. †Disulcatella Fu Lipu 1982
G. †Eoconchidium Rozman 1967
+
†Eoconchidium indigiricum Rozman 1967
G. †Galeatellina Sapelnikov and Rukavishnikova 1975
G. †Mariannaella Sapelnikov and Rukavischnikova 1975
Subfm. †Mariannellinae Sapelnikov and Rukavishnikova 1975
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G. †Brevilamnulella Amsden 1974
+
†Brevilamnulella laevis Sapelnikov and Rukavishnikova 1975
†Brevilamnulella umbosulcata Rasmussen et al. 2010
Invalid names: Antigaleatella Sapelnikov and Rukavishnikova 1975 [synonym]
Subfm. †Pleurodiinae Rong and Yang 1977
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G. †Pleurodium Wang 1955
G. †Plicidium Rong and Yang 1981
G. †Pseudoconchidium Nikiforova and Sapelnikov 1971
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†Pseudoconchidium kozhimicum Nikiforova and Sapelnikov 1971
Subfm. †Virgianinae Boucot and Amsden 1963
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G. †Borealis Boucot et al. 1971
+
†Borealis borealis Eichwald 1842
†Borealis cristiformis Modzalevskaya 1985
†Borealis nana Nikiforova and Andreeva 1961
G. †Deloprosopus Jin et al. 2006
+
†Deloprosopus jiangshanensis Liu et al. 1983
G. †Holorhynchus Kiaer 1902
+
Subg. †Holorhynchus (Holorhynchus) Kiaer 1902
Subg. †Holorhynchus (Nondia) Boucot and Chiang 1974
+
†Holorhynchus (Nondia) canadensis Boucot and Chiang 1974
†Holorhynchus giganteus Kiaer 1902
†Holorhynchus giganteus latisulcifer Rukavishnikova and Sapelnikov 1973
G. †Nondia Boucot and Chiang 1974
G. †Paraconchidium Rong et al. 1974
+
†Paraconchidium shiqianensis Rong et al. 1974
+
†Proconchidium brodeurensis Rong et al. 1989
†Proconchidium munsteri St. Joseph 1938
†Proconchidium tchuilensis Rukavishnikova and Sapelnikov 1973
G. †Prostricklandia Rukavishnikova and Sapelnikov 1973
+
†Tcherskidium ulkuntasense Rukavishnikova and Sapelnikov 1973
†Tcherskidium unicum Nikolaev 1968
G. †Virgiana Twenhofel 1914
+
Subg. †Virgiana (Platymerella) Foerste 1909
+
Subg. †Virgiana (Virgiana) Twenhofel 1914
+
†Virgiana decussata Whiteaves 1891
†Virgiana mayvillensis Savage 1916
†Virgiana utahensis Sheehan 1980
G. †Virgianella Nikiforova and Sapelnikov 1971
+
†Virgianella vaigatschensis Nikiforova and Sapelnikov 1971
G. †Viridita Jin and Copper 2000
+
†Viridita glomerosa Jin and Copper 2010
†Viridita lenticularis Billings 1866
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: low Mg calcitep
Entire body: yesf
Adult length: 10 to < 100f
Adult width: 10 to < 100f
Environment: marineuc
Locomotion: stationaryo
Attached: yesp
Life habit: epifaunalo
Diet: suspension feedero
Vision: blindc
Comments: BODY SIZE: Based on component genera; 3 of 3 genera share 10 to < 100 length, 3 of 3 share 10 to < 100 width.f
Created: 2009-06-11 19:38:21
Modified: 2009-06-11 21:38:21
Source: f = family, o = order, c = class, p = phylum, uc = unranked clade
References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Nesnidal et al. 2013, Hendy 2009

Age range: base of the Richmondian to the top of the Early/Lower Emsian or 449.60000 to 399.50000 Ma

Collections (199 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Caradoc458.2 - 449.5Russian Federation Eoconchidium indigiricum (219982)
Katian452.8 - 445.2Norway Holorhynchus giganteus (159369 159535)
Katian452.8 - 445.2Kazakhstan Holorhynchus giganteus, Proconchidium tchuilensis, Tcherskidium ulkuntasense (80656)
Katian452.8 - 445.2USA (Alaska) Brevilamnulella minuta, Tcherskidium tenuicostatus (223863)
Katian - Hirnantian452.8 - 443.1Sweden (Dalarne) Holorhynchus giganteus (73413)
Richmondian449.6 - 445.5Canada (Nunavut) Proconchidium brodeurensis (67297)
Pirgu449.5 - 445.2Latvia Holorhynchus giganteus (207228)
Pirgu449.5 - 445.2Norway (Ringerike) Conchidium munsteri (162234)
Pirgu449.5 - 445.2Russian Federation (Pskov Oblast) Holorhynchus giganteus (235885) Holorhynchus sp., Holorhynchus giganteus (163485)
Pirgu449.5 - 445.2Lithuania Holorhynchus giganteus (161284 163486 207230)
Ashgill449.5 - 443.1USA (Alaska) Eoconchidium sp. (114834) Tcherskidium unicum (100352) Tscherskidium sp. (113018 114831 114832)
Ashgill449.5 - 443.1Canada (Québec) Virgiana sp. (24586)
Ashgill449.5 - 443.1China (Jiangxi) Tcherskidium jiangshanensis (186241 186244 186247 186249 186251 186273 186276 186277 186278) Tcherskidium sp. (80138 80139)
Ashgill449.5 - 443.1China (Zhejiang) Eoconchidium jiangshanensis (164172) Eoconchidium sp. (25864)
Ashgill449.5 - 443.1Russian Federation (Chukotka) Tcherskidium tchukoticum (80675)
Ashgill449.5 - 443.1Russian Federation (Taimyr) Holorhynchus giganteus, Tcherskidium unicum (37641) Tcherskidium sp., Holorhynchus giganteus (37638)
Pirgu - Porkuni449.5 - 443.1Sweden (Dalarne) Costilamnulella valdari (73489)
Rawtheyan448.8 - 445.2Norway (Oslo Asker) Brevilamnulella kjerulfi (193291)
Rawtheyan448.8 - 445.2Norway Holorhynchus giganteus (159518)
Rawtheyan448.8 - 445.2Norway (Baerum) Holorhynchus giganteus (193286)
Rawtheyan448.8 - 445.2Norway (Oslo-Asker) Holorhynchus giganteus (193292)
Rawtheyan - Hirnantian448.8 - 443.1Norway (Oslo Asker) Brevilamnulella kjerulfi (163356)
Gamachian445.5 - 443.1USA (Illinois) Clorinda thebesensis (173288 173289)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1USA (Oklahoma) Brevilamnulella thebesensis (55460 151949 151950)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1Norway (Oslo-Asker District) Brevilamnulella sp. (363)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1USA (Missouri) Brevilamnulella thebesensis (55456 55457)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1Sweden Brevilamnulella kjerulfi (162498) Brevilamnulella umbosulcata (162732)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1Norway (Oslo-Asker Dist.) Holorhynchus sp. (438)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1Sweden (Dalarna) Brevilamnulella kjerulfi (162497)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1Russian Federation (Komi) Holorhynchus giganteus, Proconchidium muensteri (194930) Proconchidium muensteri (164184)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1Canada (Northwest Territories) Brevilamnulella laevis (26070 26071)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1China (Guizhou) Brevilamnulella sp. (151937)
Hirnantian445.2 - 443.1Norway Brevilamnulella kjerulfi (159373 159525 159527)
Porkuni445.2 - 443.1Lithuania Holorhynchus giganteus (207231 207232)
Juuru443.1 - 440.8Estonia (Hiuu) Borealis borealis (193095) Pentamerus borealis (206936)
Juuru443.1 - 440.8Estonia (Lääne) Borealis borealis (195633 195634) Pentamerus borealis (174969 193727 193730)
Juuru443.1 - 440.8Estonia Borealis borealis (77386 195424 195425 195593) Pentamerus borealis (174165 174167 174171 193724 206883 206923 206934 206938 206939)
Juuru443.1 - 440.8Estonia (Hiiu) Borealis borealis (193616 195418) Pentamerus borealis (206927)
Juuru443.1 - 440.8Estonia (Rapla) Pentamerus borealis (175044 206884)
Juuru443.1 - 440.8Estonia (Viljandi) Pentamerus borealis (193804)
Juuru443.1 - 440.8Estonia (Järva) Borealis borealis (193099) Pentamerus borealis (174979)
Juuru443.1 - 440.8Estonia (Jõgeva) Pentamerus borealis (197468 206933)
Rhuddanian443.1 - 440.5United Kingdom (Wales) Brevilamnulella sp. (4965 5068 5069)
Rhuddanian443.1 - 440.5China (Jiangxi) Brevilamnulella sp. (151943 151944)
Rhuddanian443.1 - 440.5USA (Nevada) Virgiana utahensis (51493 51494 51496 51497)
Rhuddanian443.1 - 440.5USA (Wisconsin) Virgiana mayvillensis (12986 12987 12988 12989 12990)
Rhuddanian443.1 - 440.5China (ZheJiang) Brevilamnulella kjerulfi (188392) Brevilamnulella sp. (151946)
Rhuddanian443.1 - 440.5Canada (Quebec) Virgiana barrandei (113165 158508 163500 163501 163502 163504) Virgiana barrandei, Viridita lenticularis (163503) Virgiana mayvillensis (113330 163517 204332) Virgiana sp. (197360) Viridita lenticularis (163499) Viridita lenticularis, Viridita glomerosa (158624)
Rhuddanian443.1 - 440.5Canada (Québec) Viridita lenticularis (163497)
Rhuddanian443.1 - 440.5USA (Utah) Virgiana utahensis (51492 51495)
Rhuddanian - Aeronian443.1 - 438.6United Kingdom (Wales) Brevilamnulella sp. (4937 4951 4957 4968)
Rhuddanian - Aeronian443.1 - 438.6Russian Federation (Siberia) Borealis borealis (206543 206560) Borealis nanus (206465 206484) Virgiana mojeroensis, Borealis borealis (206542)
Rhuddanian - Aeronian443.1 - 438.6Russian Federation Borealis cristiformis (185955 185956)
Alexandrian443.1 - 438.1Canada (Québec) Virgiana sp. (24401)
Llandovery443.1 - 432.9USA (Missouri) Brevilamnulella thebesensis (3349 3351 3352)
Llandovery443.1 - 432.9China (Hubei) Brevilamnulella sp., Pleurodium sp. (25793)
Llandovery443.1 - 432.9Sweden Virgianidae indet. (3347)
Llandovery443.1 - 432.9Russian Federation (Yakutiya) Borealis borealis (79506 79507 79509 79510 79511 79512)
Llandovery443.1 - 432.9China (Guizhou) Borealis sp. (25747 27898) Brevilamnulella sp. (25749) Brevilamnulella sp., Pleurodium sp. (25847) Brevilamnulella undata (27901) Virgianella sp., Paraconchidium shiqianensis (27899)
Llandovery443.1 - 432.9Russian Federation (Siberia) Pentamerus oblongus, Pentamerus borealis (206319)
Llandovery443.1 - 432.9Canada (Manitoba) Virgiana decussata (2979 2980 2981 2990 2993 3000 3001 3002 3003 3022 3023 3024 3026 3032)
Llandovery443.1 - 432.9Canada (Ontario) Virgiana sp. (538)
Silurian443.1 - 419.62Canada (Manitoba) Virgiana decussata (26420)
Raikkula440.8 - 438.8Estonia (Lääne) Pentamerus borealis (193772)
Raikkula440.8 - 438.8Estonia (Lääne - Viru) Pentamerus borealis (206964)
Raikkula440.8 - 438.8Estonia (Pärnu) Borealis borealis (193123)
Aeronian440.5 - 438.6China (Hubei) Pleurodium sp. (27813)
Aeronian440.5 - 438.6Norway Borealis borealis (14267)
Aeronian440.5 - 438.6China (Guizhou) Pleurodium sp. (27835) Plicidium guizhouensis (197403) Plicidium sinanensis (197401) Virgianella sp., Paraconchidium shiqianensis (25815)
Aeronian440.5 - 438.6USA (Utah) Virgiana utahensis (51519)
Aeronian - Telychian440.5 - 432.9China (Yunnan) Pleurodium sp. (27837)
Ontarian439.4 - 432.9Canada (Québec) Virgiana sp. (24399)
Telychian438.6 - 432.9China (Sichuan) Brevilamnulella sp. (27908)
Telychian438.6 - 432.9Russian Federation (Siberia) Borealis borealis (206347)
Telychian438.6 - 432.9China (Hubei) Brevilamnulella undata, Pleurodium tenuiplicatum (27779)
Telychian438.6 - 432.9Russian Federation (Komi) Pseudoconchidium kozhimicum, Virgianella vaigatschensis (164186)
Telychian - Wenlock438.6 - 426.7Canada (Manitoba) Virgiana decussata (26365 26366 26367 26368 26419 26422 26425)
Wenlock - Ludlow432.9 - 422.7Canada (Northwest Territories) Virgiana sp. (188837)
Homerian430.6 - 426.7Czechia Plicidium sp. (14095)
Ludlow426.7 - 422.7Russian Federation Nondia sp. (23765)
Early/Lower Emsian410.62 - 399.5Russian Federation (Arkhangel'skaya Oblast') Borealis laevis (40703)