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Eubrontes
Taxonomy
Eubrontes was named by Hitchcock (1845). It is considered to be a form taxon.
It was reranked as Grallator (Eubrontes) by Olsen and Galton (1984), Gierlinski (1991) and Milàn and Gierlinski (2004).
It was assigned to Struthionoidae by Hitchcock (1845); to Carnosauria by Lapparent and Montenat (1967) and Vignaud et al. (1994); to Theropoda by Madsen and Miller (1979), Lockley (1992) and Romero Molina et al. (2003); to Grallator by Olsen and Galton (1984), Gierlinski (1991) and Milàn and Gierlinski (2004); to Prosauropoda by Weems (1987) and Weems (2006); to Theropoda by Lull (1917) and Weishampel (2006); to Theropoda by Lucas et al. (2006), Niedźwiedzki (2011) and Salisbury et al. (2016); to Eubrontidae by Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Lull (1953), Kuhn (1958), Kuhn (1963), Haubold (1969), Haubold (1971), Demathieu and Haubold (1972), Haubold (1974), Leonardi (1979), Zhen et al. (1986), Zhen et al. (1989), Leonardi and Mietto (2000), Gao (2007), Li et al. (2010), Marty et al. (2018) and Tsukiji et al. (2019); and to Grallatoridae by Lucas et al. (2006) and Klein and Lucas (2021).
It was reranked as Grallator (Eubrontes) by Olsen and Galton (1984), Gierlinski (1991) and Milàn and Gierlinski (2004).
It was assigned to Struthionoidae by Hitchcock (1845); to Carnosauria by Lapparent and Montenat (1967) and Vignaud et al. (1994); to Theropoda by Madsen and Miller (1979), Lockley (1992) and Romero Molina et al. (2003); to Grallator by Olsen and Galton (1984), Gierlinski (1991) and Milàn and Gierlinski (2004); to Prosauropoda by Weems (1987) and Weems (2006); to Theropoda by Lull (1917) and Weishampel (2006); to Theropoda by Lucas et al. (2006), Niedźwiedzki (2011) and Salisbury et al. (2016); to Eubrontidae by Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Lull (1953), Kuhn (1958), Kuhn (1963), Haubold (1969), Haubold (1971), Demathieu and Haubold (1972), Haubold (1974), Leonardi (1979), Zhen et al. (1986), Zhen et al. (1989), Leonardi and Mietto (2000), Gao (2007), Li et al. (2010), Marty et al. (2018) and Tsukiji et al. (2019); and to Grallatoridae by Lucas et al. (2006) and Klein and Lucas (2021).
Species
Brontozoum isodactylum, Brontozoum thianschanicum, E. (Grallator), E. euskelosauroides, E. expansus, E. fieldi, E. giganteus (syn. E. divaricatus, E. approximatus), E. glenrosensis, E. lyellii, E. minusculus (syn. E. tuberatus, Plesiornis giganteus), E. monax, E. nianpanshanensis, E. nobitai, E. pareschequier, E. platypus, E. sillimani (syn. Ornithichnites cuneatus, Otouphepus minor, Anchisauripus dananus), E. tatricus, E. veillonensis, E. xiyangensis, E. zigongensis, Gigandipus caudatus, Gigandipus chiappei, Gigandipus hei, Gigandipus minor, Ichnites pterodactyli, Lufengopus dongi, Megaichnites jizhaoshiensis, Ornithichnites argenterae, Ornithichnites crassus, Otouphepus declivis, Tuojiangpus shuinanensis, Zizhongpus wumaensis, Zizhongpus wumanensis
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1836 | Ornithichnites Hitchcock p. 315 |
1845 | Eubrontes Hitchcock p. 23 |
1845 | Fulicopus Hitchcock p. 23 |
1847 | Brontozoum Hitchcock p. 50 |
1848 | Brontozoum Hitchcock p. 169 |
1858 | Amblonyx Hitchcock pp. 63, 70 |
1858 | Brontozoum isodactylum Hitchcock pp. 69-70 |
1858 | Amblonyx Hitchcock p. 70 |
1858 | Gigantitherium Hitchcock p. 93 |
1858 | Hyphepus Hitchcock pp. 97, 180 |
1861 | Ornithichnites Owen p. 325 |
1861 | Brontozoum Owen p. 327 |
1882 | Brontozoum Quenstedt p. 130 |
1882 | Amblyonyx Quenstedt p. 131 |
1882 | Gigantitherium Quenstedt p. 132 |
1889 | Brontozoum isodactylum Eyerman p. 32 |
1894 | Brontozoum isodactylum Lyman p. 205 |
1898 | Brontozoum Gadow p. 22 |
1898 | Amblonyx Hitchcock p. 401 |
1898 | Brontozoum Hitchcock p. 401 |
1898 | Gigantitherium Hitchcock p. 401 |
1898 | Hyphepus Hitchcock p. 401 |
1901 | Brontozoum Gadow p. 420 |
1902 | Brontozoum Mansel-Pleydell p. lxxviii |
1904 | Otouphepus Cushman p. 155 |
1904 | Gigandipus Lull p. 492 |
1904 | Hyphepus Lull p. 493 |
1904 | Fulicopus Lull p. 505 |
1904 | Eubrontes Lull p. 510 |
1915 | Otouphepus Lull p. 187 |
1915 | Gigandipus Lull p. 191 |
1915 | Hyphepus Lull p. 193 |
1915 | Eubrontes Lull p. 195 |
1917 | Otouphepus Lull p. 114 |
1917 | Eubrontes Lull p. 115 |
1917 | Gigandipus Lull p. 115 |
1917 | Hyphepus Lull p. 115 |
1927 | Eubrontes Hitchcock and Grier p. 187 |
1952 | Gigandipus Bock p. 403 |
1952 | Otouphebus Bock p. 407 |
1953 | Otouphepus Lull p. 176 |
1953 | Eubrontes Lull p. 178 |
1953 | Gigandipus Lull p. 184 |
1953 | Hyphepus Lull p. 186 |
1958 | Eubrontes Kuhn p. 22 |
1958 | Gigandipus Kuhn p. 23 |
1958 | Hyphepus Kuhn p. 23 |
1958 | Otouphepus Kuhn p. 23 |
1963 | Eubrontes Kuhn p. 83 |
1963 | Gigandipus Kuhn p. 84 |
1963 | Hyphepus Kuhn p. 85 |
1967 | Eubrontes Lapparent and Montenat p. 33 |
1969 | Eubrontes Haubold p. 99 |
1969 | Gigandipus Haubold p. 99 |
1969 | Hyphepus Haubold p. 99 |
1971 | Ichnites Haubold |
1971 | Anchisauripus (Otouphepus) Haubold p. 65 |
1971 | Eubrontes Haubold p. 75 |
1971 | Gigandipus Haubold p. 77 |
1971 | Hyphepus Haubold p. 77 |
1972 | Eubrontes Demathieu and Haubold p. 806 |
1972 | Otouphepus Ellenberger p. 152 |
1974 | Eubrontes Haubold p. 45 |
1974 | Gigandipus Haubold p. 45 |
1974 | Hyphepus Haubold p. 45 |
1979 | Eubrontes Leonardi p. 244 |
1979 | Eubrontes Madsen and Miller p. 36 |
1984 | Grallator (Eubrontes) Olsen and Galton p. 97 |
1986 | Paracoelurosaurichnus Zhen et al. p. 4 |
1986 | Eubrontes Zhen et al. p. 9 |
1986 | Youngichnus Zhen et al. p. 10 |
1986 | Youngichnus xiyangensis Zhen et al. p. 10–11 fig. 8 |
1987 | Eubrontes Weems p. 17 |
1987 | Chonglongpus Yang and Yang |
1987 | Zizhongpus Yang and Yang p. 9 fig. 4 |
1987 | Zizhongpus wumaensis Yang and Yang p. 9–10 fig. 4 |
1987 | Tuojiangpus Yang and Yang p. 17 fig. 12 |
1987 | Tuojiangpus shuinanensis Yang and Yang p. 17 fig. 12 |
1987 | Chonglongpus Yang and Yang p. 18 fig. 13 |
1987 | Gigandipus Yang and Yang p. 19 |
1987 | Megaichnites Yang and Yang p. 19 fig. 14 |
1987 | Megaichnites jizhaoshiensis Yang and Yang p. 19 fig. 14 |
1989 | Eubrontes Zhen et al. pp. 192-193 |
1989 | Paracoelurosaurichnus Zhen et al. p. 192 |
1989 | Youngichnus Zhen et al. p. 193 |
1989 | Youngichnus xiyangensis Zhen et al. p. 193 |
1991 | Grallator (Eubrontes) Gierlinski p. 137 |
1992 | Eubrontes Lockley p. 272 |
1994 | Eubrontes Vignaud et al. p. 497 |
2000 | Eubrontes Leonardi and Mietto p. 197 |
2003 | Eubrontes Romero Molina et al. p. 24 |
2003 | Gigandipus Romero Molina et al. p. 24 |
2003 | Hyphepus Romero Molina et al. p. 24 |
2003 | Otouphepus Romero Molina et al. p. 24 |
2003 | Paracoelurosaurichnus Romero Molina et al. p. 24 |
2003 | Youngichnus Romero Molina et al. p. 24 |
2004 | Grallator (Eubrontes) Milàn and Gierlinski p. 71 |
2006 | Eubrontes Lucas et al. p. 86–87 |
2006 | Eubrontes Lucas et al. p. 114 |
2006 | Lufengopus Lü et al. p. 35 |
2006 | Lufengopus dongi Lü et al. p. 36 figs. 3A-B |
2006 | Eubrontes Weems p. 372 |
2006 | Eubrontes Weishampel p. 137 |
2007 | Weiyuanpus Gao p. 342 |
2007 | Eubrontes Gao p. 345 |
2007 | Youngichnus Gao p. 345 |
2007 | Youngichnus xiyangensis Gao p. 345 |
2007 | Lufengopus dongi Lü et al. p. 441 |
2008 | Lufengopus dongi Fujita et al. p. 33 |
2008 | Youngichnus xiyangensis Fujita et al. p. 33 |
2009 | Lufengopus dongi Xing et al. p. 17 |
2009 | Youngichnus xiyangensis Xing et al. p. 23 |
2010 | Eubrontes Li et al. p. 726 |
2011 | Eubrontes Niedźwiedzki p. 296 |
2013 | Eubrontes xiyangensis Lockley et al. p. 6 |
2013 | Kayentapus jizhaoshiensis Lockley et al. p. 6 |
2013 | Kayentapus wumaensis Lockley et al. p. 6 |
2014 | Eubrontes xiyangensis Xing et al. p. 344 |
2014 | Kayentapus jizhaishiensis Xing et al. p. 310 |
2014 | Kayentapus wumaensis Xing et al. p. 310 |
2016 | Eubrontes Salisbury et al. p. 36 |
2017 | Eubrontes xiyangensis Li and Zhang p. 280 |
2017 | Kayentapus jizhaoshiensis Li and Zhang p. 280 |
2017 | Lufengopus dongi Li and Zhang p. 280 |
2017 | Youngichnus xiyangensis Xing et al. p. 115 |
2018 | Eubrontes Marty et al. p. 943 |
2019 | Eubrontes Tsukiji et al. p. 6 |
2021 | Eubrontes Klein and Lucas p. 10 |
2021 | Eubrontes xiyangensis Li et al. p. 14 |
2021 | Kayentapus wumaensis Li et al. p. 18 |
2022 | Lufengopus dongi Li et al. p. 4235 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Eubrontes Hitchcock 1845
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Subg. †Eubrontes (Grallator) Olsen 1981
†Eubrontes euskelosauroides Huene 1941
†Eubrontes expansus Hitchcock 1841
†Eubrontes fieldi Hitchcock 1858
†Eubrontes giganteus Hitchcock 1836
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Invalid names: Eubrontes approximatus Hitchcock 1865 [synonym], Eubrontes divaricatus Hitchcock 1865 [synonym]
†Eubrontes glenrosensis Shuler 1935
†Eubrontes lyellii Hitchcock 1843
†Eubrontes minusculus Hitchcock 1837
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Invalid names: Eubrontes tuberatus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Plesiornis giganteus Hitchcock 1889 [synonym]
†Eubrontes monax Zhen et al. 1986
†Eubrontes nianpanshanensis Yang and Yang 1987
†Eubrontes nobitai Xing et al. 2021
†Eubrontes pareschequier Xing et al. 2009
†Eubrontes platypus Hitchcock 1858
†Eubrontes sillimani Hitchcock 1843
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Invalid names: Anchisauripus dananus Hitchcock 1845 [synonym], Ornithichnites cuneatus Hitchcock 1837 [synonym], Otouphepus minor Lull 1915 [synonym]
†Eubrontes tatricus Michalík and Sykora 1976
†Eubrontes veillonensis Lapparent and Montenat 1967
†Eubrontes zigongensis Gao 2007
Invalid names: Brontozoum Hitchcock 1847 [synonym], Eubrontes xiyangensis Zhen et al. 1986 [nomen dubium], Fulicopus Hitchcock 1845 [synonym], Gigandipus Hitchcock 1855 [synonym], Hyphepus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Ichnites Haubold 1971 [synonym], Lufengopus Lü et al. 2006 [synonym], Lufengopus dongi Lü et al. 2006 [nomen dubium], Megaichnites Yang and Yang 1987 [synonym], Megaichnites jizhaoshiensis Yang and Yang 1987 [nomen dubium], Ornithichnites Hitchcock 1836 [synonym], Otouphepus Cushman 1904 [synonym], Paracoelurosaurichnus Zhen et al. 1986 [synonym], Tuojiangpus Yang and Yang 1987 [synonym], Tuojiangpus shuinanensis Yang and Yang 1987 [nomen dubium], Weiyuanpus Gao 2007 [synonym], Youngichnus Zhen et al. 1986 [synonym], Zizhongpus Yang and Yang 1987 [synonym], Zizhongpus wumaensis Yang and Yang 1987 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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E. Hitchcock 1848 (Brontozoum) | Foot tridactylous, pachydactylous, tubercular-clawed; inner toe shortest; all of them directed forward. Phalangeal expansions on the inner toe, two; on the middle toe, three; on the outer toe, four; corresponding to the number of phalanges, except the distal expansion, which was probably made by the two extreme phalanges. Lower extremity of the tarso-metatarsal bone double-headed; rarely making a distinct impression through the cushion beneath. Cushion sloping upwards posteriorly. Claws on the lateral toes a little outside of their axes; on the middle toe, a little towards its inner side. | |
R. S. Lull 1915 (Gigandipus) | Those of the family, the most readily recognized being the small hallux which lies at right angles to digit II, instead of being rotated far to the rear as in Anchisauripus. | |
R. S. Lull 1915 | Those of the family. | |
R. S. Lull 1915 (Hyphepus) | Bipedal, tetradactylous, hallux incumbent, curved sharply backward. Phalangeal pads obscurely defined; anterior digits apparently clawless. | |
H. Klein and S. G. Lucas 2021 | Large (> 30 cm long), functionally tridactyl ichnite in which the digit III projection ratio is about 2.2, and the length-to-width ratio is about 1.4 to 1.5. Projection of digits II and IV along the axis of digit III about equal. Divarication of outer digits 30°-40°. |