PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Muraenidae

Actinopteri - Anguilliformes - Muraenidae

Taxonomy

Muraenidae is a family. It is extant.

It was assigned to Apodes by Woodward (1902); to Colocephali by Jordan (1963); to Anguilloidei by Constantin (1999); to Anguilliformes by Betancur et al. (2013) and Fourriére et al. (2014); and to Muraenoidei by Fierstine et al. (2012) and Nelson et al. (2016).

Subtaxa

Anarchias, Congeris, Echidna, Eomyrus, Gymnothorax, Muraena, Muraeninae, Otolithus, Uropterygiinae

Synonyms

Heteromyridae is a family. It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Muraenidae by Nelson et al. (2016).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1902	Muraenidae Woodward p. 30
1963	Muraenidae Jordan p. 633
1999	Muraenidae Constantin
2012	Muraenidae Fierstine et al. p. 13
2013	Muraenidae Betancur et al.
2014	Muraenidae Fourriére et al. p. 380
2016	Muraenidae Nelson et al. p. 143

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
superclass	Actinopterygii	()
class	Actinopteri	()

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Neopterygii	(Regan 1923)
—	Teleosteomorpha
—	Teleostei	(Müller 1846)
—	Elopocephalai
—	Elopocephala
—	Elopomorpha	()
order	Anguilliformes	Greenwood et al. 1966
family	Muraenidae
family	Muraenidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Muraenidae

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G. Anarchias Bloch 1795

G. †Congeris

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†Congeris brevior Koken 1888

†Congeris wharekuriensis Frost 1928

G. Echidna Forster 1788

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Echidna nebulosa Ahl 1789

Echidna nocturnus Cope 1872

G. †Eomyrus Eastman 1905

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†Eomyrus ventralis Agassiz 1844

G. Gymnothorax Bloch 1795

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†Gymnothorax diagonalis Stinton and Nolf 1970

†Gymnothorax mordax Ayres 1859

Gymnothorax octavianus Myers and Wade 1941

G. Muraena Linnaeus 1758

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Muraena conger Linnaeus 1758 [European conger]

†Muraena saheliensis Arambourg 1927

G. †Otolithus Koken 1884

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Subg. Otolithus (Labrax) Pallas 1810

†Labrax lepidotus Agassiz 1836

†Labrax major Agassiz 1834

†Labrax schizurus Agassiz 1835

†Labrax vogdtii Bogatshov 1942

Subg. †Otolithus (Platessa) Bassoli 1906

†Platessa sector Koken 1888

Subg. †Otolithus (Platessae) Koken 1888

Invalid names: Heteromyridae [synonym], Muraeninae [empty], Uropterygiinae [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

marinesubp

Locomotion:

actively mobilef

Life habit:

nektobenthicf

Diet:

carnivoref

Created:

2009-07-20 20:50:21

Modified:

2009-07-20 22:50:21

Source: f = family, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lutetian to the top of the Holocene or 47.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.3 Ma

Collections (34 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Tertiary	66.0 - 2.58	USA (Mississippi)	Otolithus americanus, Otolithus hospes, Otolithus elegantus, Otolithus insuetus, Otolithus similis, Otolithus laevigatus, Otolithus cor, Otolithus comes, Otolithus glaber, Otolithus brevior (163732)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	France	Gymnothorax diagonalis (220174)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	United Kingdom (England)	Gymnothorax diagonalis (41992 41998)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Belgium	Gymnothorax sp. (123069)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	USA (Louisiana)	Conger brevior (3534)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	USA (Mississippi)	Conger brevior (84174)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Mississippi)	Conger brevior (84175)
Rupelian	33.9 - 28.1	USA (Mississippi)	Conger brevior (84136 84137 84139 84140)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	USA (Alabama)	Conger brevior (84142)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	USA (Mississippi)	Conger brevior (49872)
Duntroonian	27.3 - 25.2	New Zealand (Otago)	Congeris wharekuriensis (85548)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene	23.03 - 11.608	Serbia and Montenegro (Serbia)	Labrax elongatus (39718)
Altonian	19.0 - 15.9	New Zealand (Southland)	Congeris wharekuriensis (85538)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Italy	Conger conger (78437)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Algeria (Oran)	Muraena saheliensis (59256)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Italy	Muraena sp. (210230)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Greece (Peloponnese)	Conger conger (207769)
Gelasian	2.588 - 1.806	Greece (Rhodes)	Conger conger (207579 207580)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	France (Alpes Maritimes)	Muraena helena (50523)
Gelasian - Calabrian	2.588 - 0.774	Greece (Rhodes)	Conger conger (207571)
Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.129	Italy	Conger conger (159378)
Calabrian	1.8 - 0.774	Italy	Conger conger (159140 159288)
Ionian	0.774 - 0.129	Greece (Rhodes)	Conger conger (207568)
Middle Pleistocene	0.774 - 0.129	United Kingdom (England)	Platessa sp. (58419)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Georgia)	Muraenidae indet. (20604)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Spain (Vizcaya)	Conger conger (125319)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Greece (Argolida)	Conger conger (182709)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Marshall Islands	Muraenidae indet. (194995)