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Hipparion

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1832Hipparion de Christol
1847Hipparitherium Christol
1873Hipparion Leidy p. 322
1897Hipparion sitifense Pomel
1902Hipparion Hay p. 619
1907Hipparion Gidley p. 867
1913Hipparion Scott p. 290
1930Hipparion sellardsi Matthew and Stirton
1932Stylohipparion van Hoepen
1940Hipparion Stirton p. 184
1941Hemihipparion Wehrli
1955Hipparion Quinn p. 63
1974Hipparion Sondaar
1981Hipparion Thurmond and Jones p. 184
1984Hipparion MacFadden p. 53
1985Hipparion Bernor
1988Hipparion Carroll
1988Stylohipparion Carroll
1989Hipparion Prothero and Schoch p. 532
1989Stylohipparion Prothero and Schoch p. 532
1995Hipparion Kelly p. 26
1998Hipparion MacFadden p. 548
2003Hipparion Theodorou et al.
2007Hipparion Tsoukala et al.
2011Hipparion Boessenecker p. 2
2019Hipparion May

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Life
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliaformes
RankNameAuthor
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Scrotifera
Euungulata
Panperissodactyla
superorderPerissodactylamorpha
orderPerissodactyla()
superfamilyEquoidea
familyEquidae
subfamilyEquinae
tribeHipparionini
genusHipparion

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Hipparion de Christol 1832
show all | hide all
Subg. †Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) Sefve 1927
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Hipparion campbelli Bernor 1985
Hipparion chiai Liu et al. 1978
Hipparion concudense Pirlot 1956
Hipparion condoni Merriam 1915
Hipparion crassum Gervais 1859
Hipparion depereti Sondaar 1974
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Invalid names: Hipparion gracile Guerin and Mein 1971 [synonym]
Hipparion dietrichi Wehrli 1941
Hipparion fissurae Crusafont and Sondaar 1971
Hipparion forcei Richey 1948
Hipparion gettyi Bernor 1985
Hipparion gromovae Villalta and Crusafont 1957
Hipparion laromae Pesquero et al. 2006
Hipparion longipes Gromova 1952
Hipparion macedonicum Koufos 1984
Hipparion matthewi Abel 1926
Hipparion mediterraneum Roth and Wagner 1855
Hipparion minus Pavlow 1890
Hipparion molayanense Zouhri 1992
Hipparion periafricanum Villalta and Crusafont 1957
Hipparion phlegrae Lazaridis and Tsoukala 2014
Hipparion prostylum Gervais 1849
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Invalid names: Hipparion diplostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym], Hipparion mesostylum Gervais 1849 [synonym]
Hipparion richthofeni Koken 1885
Hipparion rocinantis Hernández Pacheco 1921
Hipparion shirleyae MacFadden 1984
Hipparion tehonense Merriam 1916
Hipparion theniusi Melentis 1969
Hipparion weihoense Liu et al. 1978
Invalid names: Hemihipparion Wehrli 1941 [synonym], Hipparion sellardsi Matthew and Stirton 1930 [nomen nudum], Hipparion sitifense Pomel 1897 [nomen dubium], Hipparitherium Christol 1847 [synonym], Stylohipparion van Hoepen 1932 [synonym]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
B. J. MacFadden 1984Medium-sized, mesocephalic, and moderately hypsodont tridactyl horses. Nasal notch mod-erately developed and extends posteriorly to a position anterior to, or lying over, P2. Intraorbital foramen lies over P3. Preorbital facial fossa lies dorsal to P3-M1 on the nasal and maxillary bones well forward of the anterior rim of the orbit. The posterior portion of the fossa is usually developed on the nasal and maxillary bones, anterior to the lacrimal. Anteriorly the fossa is poorly defined and is confluent with the facial region. Posteriorly the fossa is moderately pocketed and has a well-developed and continuous rim. There is no ventral fossa associated with the malar crest as is the case in some other horses. In the upper cheek teeth, the protocones vary from rounded to oval to lenticulate. There is a tendency for the protocone to be connected to the protoloph in earlier wear stages than some other hipparions e.g., Neohipparion. The hypoconal groove is moderately developed and is distinct to the base of the tooth. In the lower cheek teeth there is a progressive deepening of the ectoflexids posteriorly.The metaconids and metastylids are widely separated. The parastylid (also termed ectoparastylid or protostylid) is often developed and is either connected to the protoconid or is isolated. In both the upper and lower cheek teeth the enamel plications vary from simple to moderately developed.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingsubf
Diet: browserg
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Comments: browser based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996)g
Created: 2009-01-04 10:28:06
Modified: 2009-01-04 12:28:06
Source: g = genus, subf = subfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, MacFadden and Cerling 1996, Nowak 1991, MacFadden 1998, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Serravallian to the top of the Middle Pleistocene or 13.82000 to 0.12600 Ma

Collections (569 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Miocene23.03 - 5.333France (Vaucluse) H. prostylum (201499 201500) H. sp., H. matthewi, H. prostylum (201497)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (South Dakota) H. tehonense (18081)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Nevada) H. tehonense (18858) Nannippus tehonensis (18857 18859 18860)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333Kazakhstan (Kalba) H. sp. (13481)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (California) H. mohavense (19439) H. sp. (19442 19443) H. tehonense (19570) Merychippus sumani (19440)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588Uganda H. sitifense (22343 22394 22400 22404 22405 22435 22438 22441 22448 22455) H. sp. (22215 22411 22439)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588Kazakhstan H. sp. (76282)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588Mongolia H. houfenense (34485)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588South Africa H. baardi (22223 22229)
Neogene23.03 - 2.588Ukraine H. gracile (76563) H. sp. (76561 76562)

Youngest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state PBDB collection number
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117South Africa H. lybicum (21828)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Azerbaijan (Apsheronian Penninsula) H. sp., H. crassum (56730)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Eritrea (Afar Depression) H. sp. (22488)
Calabrian1.806 - 0.781Kenya (Rift Valley) H. ethiopicum (21294 21343)
Calabrian1.806 - 0.781Tanzania H. ethiopicum (21968 21970 21971 21972 22041 22064 22337 22467 22620)
Calabrian1.806 - 0.781Tanzania (Lake Natron Basin) H. cornelianum (22554 22558 22579 22583) H. sp. (22557 22582)
Calabrian1.806 - 0.781Kenya H. ethiopicum (21368 21450 21455 21468 21514) Hipparion indet. (32060) H. sp. (21524 21527 21833)
Middle Pleistocene0.781 - 0.126Spain (La Rioja) H. sp. (189976)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.781 - 0.0117Tanzania H. sp. (21893)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.781 - 0.0117Ethiopia H. sp. (22156 22177)