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Anguiformes

Reptilia

Taxonomy
Anguiformes was named by Bonaparte (1831). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Conrad (2006).

It was reranked as the suborder Anguiformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the unranked clade Anguiformes by Conrad (2006).

It was assigned to Sauria by Hay (1930); and to Anguimorpha by Conrad (2006).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1930Anguiformes Hay p. 248
2006Anguiformes Conrad p. 122

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
RankNameAuthor
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
—Squamata()
—Anguimorpha(Fürbringer 1900)
—Anguiformes(Bonaparte 1831)
—Anguiformes(Bonaparte 1831)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Anguiformes Bonaparte 1831
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Superfm. †Anguioidea Fitzinger 1826
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Fm. Anguidae Gray 1825
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Subfm. †Anguinae Gray 1825
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Tr. †Anguini Augé 2005
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G. Dopasia Gray 1853
G. †Helvetisaurus Augé 2005
G. Pseudopus Merrem 1820 [legless lizard]
G. Anguis Linnaeus 1758 [slow worm]
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Anguis fragilis Linneaus 1758 [Slow worm]
†Anguis polgardiensis Bolkay 1913
†Anguis rarus Klembara and Rummel 2018
†Anguis stammeri Brunner 1954
G. †Headonhillia Klembara and Green 2010
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†Headonhillia parva Klembara and Green 2010
G. †Ophipseudopus Kuhn 1940
Tr. †Ophisaurini Augé 2005
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G. Ophisaurus Daudin 1803 [glass lizard]
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Invalid names: Propseudopus Hilgendorf 1883 [synonym]
G. †Ophisauriscus Kühn 1940
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Invalid names: Ophisauriscus hallensis Kühn 1940 [synonym]
Invalid names: Parapseudopus Kuhn 1940 [synonym]
G. †Parophisaurus Sullivan 1987
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†Parophisaurus pawneensis Gilmore 1928
G. †Ragesaurus Bailon and Auge 2012
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†Ragesaurus medasensis Bailon and Auge 2012
G. †Smithosaurus Vasilyan et al. 2022
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†Smithosaurus echzellensis Vasilyan et al. 2022
Subfm. Anniellinae Nopcsa 1928
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G. Anniella Gray 1852 [legless lizard]
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Anniella geronimensis Shaw 1940 [Baja California legless lizard]
Anniella pulchra Gray 1858 [California legless lizard]
G. †Apodosauriscus Gauthier 1982
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†Apodosauriscus minutus Gauthier 1982
G. †Bainguis Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
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†Bainguis parvus Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
G. Barisia Gray 1838 [Alligator lizards]
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Barisia imbricata Wiegmann 1828 [Imbricate alligator lizard]
Subfm. †Diploglossinae Boucourt 1873
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G. Celestus Gray 1838
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Celestus barbouri Grant 1940 [Barbour's galliwasp]
Celestus bivittatus Boulenger 1895 [Two-striped galliwasp]
Celestus crusculus Garman 1887 [Garman's galliwasp]
Celestus curtissi Grant 1951 [Curtis' galliwasp]
Celestus darlingtoni Cochran 1939 [Darlington's galliwasp]
Celestus duquesneyi Grant 1940 [Duquesney's galliwasp]
Celestus enneagrammus Cope 1860 [Huaxteca lesser galliwasp]
Celestus fowleri Schwartz 1983 [Fowler's galliwasp]
G. Diploglossus Wiegmann 1828
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Diploglossus millepunctatus O'Shaughnessy 1874 [Dotted galliwasp]
G. †Eodiploglossus Gauthier 1982
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†Eodiploglossus borealis Gauthier 1982
G. Ophiodes Boulenger 1894 [South American worm lizards]
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Ophiodes intermedius Boulenger 1894 [Middle worm lizard]
G. Elgaria Gray 1838 [alligator lizard]
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Elgaria coerulea Wiegmann 1828 [Northern alligator lizard]
Elgaria kingii Gray 1838 [Madrean alligator lizard]
Elgaria multicarinata Blainville 1835 [southern alligator lizard]
Subfm. Gerrhonotinae Cope 1864
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G. Abronia Gray 1838 [Arboreal alligator lizards]
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†Abronia cuyama Scarpetta and Ledesma 2023
Abronia deppei Wiegmann 1828 [Deppe's arboreal alligator lizard]
G. Barissia Gray
G. Coloptychon Peters 1877
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Coloptychon rhombifer Peters 1877 [Peters' lateral fold lizard]
G. Gerrhonotus Wiegmann 1828 [alligator lizard]
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Gerrhonotus imbricatus Wiegmann 1828 [Rain alligator lizard]
Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann 1828 [Texas alligator lizard]
Gerrhonotus lugoi McCoy 1970 [Lugo's alligator lizard]
G. †Paragerrhonotus Estes 1963
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Subfm. †Glyptosaurinae Marsh 1872
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G. †Arpadosaurus Meszoely 1970
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†Arpadosaurus gazinorum Meszoely 1970
†Arpadosaurus sepulchralis Smith and Gauthier 2013
G. †Eoglyptosaurus Sullivan 1979
Tr. †Glyptosaurini Sullivan 1979
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G. †Gaultia Smith 2009
G. †Proglyptosaurus Sullivan 1989
G. †Stenoplacosaurus Sullivan and Dong 2018
G. †Glyptosaurus Marsh 1871
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†Glyptosaurus agmodon Smith and Gauthier 2013
†Glyptosaurus rhodinos Smith 2011
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Invalid names: Glyptosaurus brevidens Marsh 1872 [synonym], Glyptosaurus donohoei White 1952 [synonym], Glyptosaurus nodosus Marsh 1871 [synonym], Glyptosaurus ocellatus Marsh 1871 [synonym], Glyptosaurus princeps Marsh 1872 [synonym], Glyptosaurus rugosus Marsh 1872 [synonym]
Invalid names: Glyptosaurus obtusidens Loomis 1907 [nomen dubium], Glyptosaurus sphenodon Marsh 1872 [nomen dubium]
G. †Helodermoides Douglass 1903
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†Helodermoides tuberculatus Douglass 1903
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Invalid names: Glyptosaurus giganteus Gilmore 1928 [synonym], Glyptosaurus montanus Douglass 1908 [synonym]
Tr. †Melanosaurini Sullivan 1979
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G. †Paraxestops Hoffstetter 1962
G. †Placosauriops Kuhn 1940
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Invalid names: Placosauroides Kuhn 1940 [synonym]
G. †Melanosaurus Gilmore 1928
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†Melanosaurus maximus Gilmore 1928
G. †Paraglyptosaurus Sullivan 1979
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†Paraglyptosaurus yatkolai Sullivan 1979
G. †Placosaurus Gervais 1852
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†Placosaurus estesi Sullivan and Augé 2006
†Placosaurus mongoliensis Sullivan 1979
†Placosaurus ragei Sullivan et al. 2012
†Placosaurus rugosus Gervais 1852
Invalid names: Placosaurus cayluxi De Stefano 1903 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus europaeus Filhol 1876 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus galliae Filhol 1894 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus gaudryi De Stefano 1903 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus margariticeps Gervais 1876 [nomen dubium], Placosaurus waltheri Weigelt 1929 [nomen dubium]
G. †Proxestops Gauthier 1982
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†Proxestops silberlingii Gilmore 1938
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Invalid names: Proxestops gastrodon Bartels 1988 [synonym], Proxestops jepseni Gilmore 1942 [synonym], Proxestops jepsoni Gauthier 1982 [synonym]
G. †Sullivania Čerňanský et al. 2023
G. †Xestops Cope 1873
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†Xestops savagei Smith and Gauthier 2013
†Xestops vagans Marsh 1872
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Invalid names: Dimetopisaurus wyomingensis Hecht 1959 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dimetopisaurus Hecht 1959 [synonym], Oreosaurus Marsh 1872 [replaced]
Invalid names: Diacium quinquepedale Cope 1874 [nomen dubium], Placosaurinae Gervais [synonym]
G. †Machaerosaurus Gilmore 1928
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Subfm. †Odaxosaurinae Sullivan 1982
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G. †Parodaxosaurus Sullivan 1986
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†Parodaxosaurus sanjuanensis Sullivan 1986
G. †Odaxosaurus Gilmore 1928
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†Odaxosaurus piger Gilmore 1928
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Invalid names: Odaxosaurus obliquus Gilmore 1928 [synonym]
†Odaxosaurus priscus Gao and Fox 1996
†Odaxosaurus roosevelti Nydam 2013
Invalid names: Pancelosaurus Meszoely 1970 [synonym]
G. †Ophisauromimus Cernansky et al. 2016
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G. †Rajaurisaurus Sahni and Srivastava 1976
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†Rajaurisaurus estesi Sahni and Srivastava 1976
Invalid names: Xestops lentus Marsh 1872 [nomen dubium], Xestops microdus Marsh 1872 [nomen dubium], Xestops minutus Marsh 1872 [nomen dubium], Xestops piercei Gilmore 1938 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Dorsetisauridae Hoffstetter 1967
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Subfm. †Changetisaurinae Federov and Nessov 1992
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G. †Changetisaurus Federov and Nessov 1992
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†Changetisaurus estesi Federov and Nessov 1992
G. †Dorsetisaurus Hoffstetter 1967
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†Dorsetisaurus hebetidens Hoffstetter 1967
†Dorsetisaurus purbeckensis Hoffstetter 1967
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Invalid names: Introrsisaurus pollicidens Seiffert 1975 [synonym]
Invalid names: Introrsisaurus Seiffert 1975 [synonym]
G. †Paradorsetisaurus Alifanov 2019
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†Paradorsetisaurus postumus Alifanov 2019
G. †Peltosaurus Cope 1873
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†Peltosaurus floridanus Vanzolini 1952
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Invalid names: Peltosaurus abbotti Gilmore 1928 [synonym]
†Peltosaurus macrodon Brattstrom 1955
Invalid names: Anniellidae [empty], Diploglossa Cope 1864 [objective synonym]
G. †Cnodontosaurus Nydam 2013
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Infraor. Platynota Baur 1890
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G. †Cemeterius Longrich et al. 2012
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†Cemeterius monstrosus Longrich et al. 2012
G. †Colpodontosaurus Estes 1964
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G. †Kaganaias Evans et al. 2006
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†Kaganaias hakusanensis Evans et al. 2006
G. †Litakis Estes 1964
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†Litakis gilmorei Estes 1964
G. †Parasaniwa Gilmore 1928
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†Parasaniwa cynochoros Nydam 2013
†Parasaniwa wyomingensis Gilmore 1928
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Invalid names: Parasaniwa obtusa Gilmore 1928 [synonym]
G. †Parviderma Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
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†Parviderma inexacta Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
Fm. Shinisauridae Ahl 1930
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†Bahndwivici ammoskius Conrad 2006
G. Shinisaurus Ahl 1930 [Chinese crocodile lizard]
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Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl 1930 [Chinese crocodile lizard]
Superfm. †Varanoidea Gray 1827
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G. †Aiolosaurus Gao and Norell 2000
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†Aiolosaurus oriens Gao and Norell 2000
G. †Arcanosaurus Houssaye et al. 2013
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†Arcanosaurus ibericus Houssaye et al. 2013
G. Heloderma Wiegmann 1829 [beaded lizard]
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Heloderma horridum Wiegmann 1829 [Beaded lizard]
Heloderma suspectum Cope 1869 [Gila monster]
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Heloderma suspectum suspectum Cope 1869 [Reticulated gila monster]
Heloderma suspectum cinctum Bogert and Martin del Campo 1956 [Banded gila monster]
†Heloderma texana Stevens 1977
Invalid names: Trachyderma Wiedmann 1829 [replaced]
G. †Judeasaurus Haber and Polcyn 2005
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†Judeasaurus tchernovi Haber and Polcyn 2005
G. †Ovoo Norell et al. 2007
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†Ovoo gurvel Norell et al. 2007
Fm. †Pachyvaranidae Kuhn 1961
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G. †Pachyvaranus Arambourg 1952
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†Pachyvaranus crassispondylus Arambourg 1952
Fm. †Parasaniwidae Estes 1964
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G. †Ekshmer Nessov 1981
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†Ekshmer bissektensis Nessov 1981
G. †Tsagansaurus Alifanov 2018
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†Tsagansaurus nemegetensis Alifanov 2018
Subfm. †Saniwinae Camp 1923
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G. †Saniwa Leidy 1870
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†Saniwa edura Smith 2006
†Saniwa ensidens Leidy 1870
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Invalid names: Saniwa brooksi Brattstrom 1955 [synonym], Saniwa major Leidy 1873 [synonym], Thinosaurus agilis Marsh 1872 [synonym], Thinosaurus crassus Marsh 1872 [synonym], Thinosaurus grandis Marsh 1872 [synonym], Thinosaurus leptodus Marsh 1872 [synonym], Thinosaurus paucidens Marsh 1872 [synonym]
†Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo 1923
Invalid names: Thinosaurus Marsh 1872 [synonym]
Fm. Varanidae Hardwicke and Gray 1824 [monitor lizard]
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G. †Archaeovaranus Dong et al. 2022
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†Archaeovaranus lii Dong et al. 2022
G. †Cherminotus Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
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†Cherminotus longifrons Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
G. Lanthanotus Steindachner 1877 [earless monitor lizard]
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Lanthanotus borneensis Steindachner 1878 [Borneo earless monitor]
G. †Saniwides Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
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†Saniwides mongoliensis Borsuk-Bialynicka 1984
G. †Telmasaurus Gilmore 1943
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†Telmasaurus grangeri Gilmore 1943
G. Varanus Merrem 1820
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Subg. †Varanus (Varaneades) Conrad et al. 2012
Varanus acanthurus Boulenger 1885 [Ridgetail monitor]
Varanus albigularis Daudin 1802 [White-throated monitor]
Varanus baritji King and Horner 1987 [Stone monitor]
Varanus beccarii Doria 1874 [Black tree monitor]
Varanus bengalensis Daudin 1802 [Bengal monitor]
Varanus bogerti Mertens 1950 [Bogert's monitor]
Varanus brevicauda Boulenger 1898 [Short-tail monitor]
Varanus caudolineatus Boulenger 1885 [Stripetail monitor]
Varanus doreanus Bohme et al. 1994 [Bluetail monitor]
Varanus dumerili Schlegel 1839 [Dumeril's monitor]
†Varanus eremitus De Vis 1889
Varanus eremius Lucas and Frost 1895 [Spinifex monitor]
Varanus exanthematicus Bosc 1792 [savannah monitor]
Varanus gilleni Lucas and Frost 1895 [Pigmy mulga monitor]
Varanus griseus Daudin 1803 [Desert monitor]
†Varanus hoffmanni Roger 1898
†Varanus hooijeri Brongersma 1958
Varanus komodoensis Ouwens 1912 [Komodo dragon]
†Varanus marathonensis Weithofer 1888
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Invalid names: Varanus amnhophilis Conrad et al. 2012 [synonym], Varanus atticus Nopcsa 1908 [synonym]
†Varanus mokrensis Ivanov et al. 2018
Varanus niloticus Linnaeus 1766 [Nile monitor]
Varanus olivaceus Hallowell 1856 [Gray's monitor]
Varanus prasinus Schlegel 1839 [Emerald monitor]
†Varanus prisca Owen 1859
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Invalid names: Notiosaurus dentatus Owen 1884 [synonym], Varanus dirus de Vis 1889 [synonym], Varanus warburtonensis Zeitz 1899 [synonym]
†Varanus rusingensis Clos 1995
Varanus salvadorii Peters and Doria 1878 [Crocodile monitor]
Varanus salvator Laurenti 1768 [Common water monitor]
Varanus semiremex Peters 1869
†Varanus sivalensis Falconer 1868
Varanus tristis Schlegel 1839 [Arid monitor]
Varanus varius Shaw 1790 [Lace monitor]
Invalid names: Iberovaranus Hoffstetter 1969 [synonym], Megalania Owen 1859 [synonym], Notiosaurus Owen 1884 [synonym], Varanus catalaunicus Hoffstetter 1969 [nomen dubium], Varanus deserticolus Bolkay 1913 [nomen dubium], Varanus lemoinei Nopsca 1908 [nomen dubium], Varanus lungui Zerova and Chkhikvadze 1986 [nomen dubium], Varanus semjonovi Zerova and Chkhikvadze 1986 [nomen dubium], Varanus tyrasiensis Lungu et al. 1983 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Megalaninae Camp 1923 [empty], Varaninae [empty]
Invalid names: Helodermatidae Gray 1837 [empty], Helodermatoidea Baur 1890 [synonym], Lanthanotidae Steindachner 1878 [empty]
Invalid names: Shinisauria Conrad 2008 [empty]
Superfm. Scincoidae Hay 1930
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Invalid names: Leposternidae Gray 1844 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Maximum body mass: 10 kgg
Minimum body mass: 1 kgg
Environment: terrestrialuc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Created: 2017-04-17 15:15:35
Modified: 2017-04-17 15:15:35
Source: g = genus, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade
References: Head 2005, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Ludlow to the top of the Holocene or 427.40000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 423.0 Ma

Collections (1024 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Ludlow427.4 - 423.0United Kingdom (Wales) Keilorites sp. (74805)
Late/Upper Bathonian167.7 - 164.7Kyrgyzstan (Jalal-Abad) Changetisaurus estesi (58187)
Kimmeridgian157.3 - 152.1Portugal (Leiria) Introrsisaurus pollicidens (24563)
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian157.3 - 145.0USA (Wyoming) Dorsetisaurus sp. (12816 39431)
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian157.3 - 145.0USA (Colorado) Dorsetisaurus sp. (231533)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0USA (Colorado) Dorsetisaurus sp. (53040)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0USA (Wyoming) Dorsetisaurus sp. (39426)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0USA (Colorado) Dorsetisaurus sp. (71476)
Early/Lower Berriasian - Middle Berriasian145.0 - 140.2United Kingdom (England) Dorsetisaurus sp. (28401 28995)
Middle Berriasian145.0 - 140.2United Kingdom (England) Dorsetisaurus purbeckensis, Dorsetisaurus hebetidens (72142) Dorsetisaurus sp. (52312)
Valanginian - Barremian139.8 - 125.0Mongolia (Ovorhangai) Dorsetisauridae indet. (55238)
Late/Upper Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0United Kingdom (England) Dorsetisaurus sp. (62637)
Late/Upper Barremian - Early/Lower Aptian130.0 - 122.46Spain (Castilla y Leon) Arcanosaurus ibericus (138027)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Japan (Ishikawa) Anguimorpha indet. (32324) Squamata indet. (50357)
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 113.0USA (Texas) Anguidae indet. (14408)
Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian122.46 - 109.0Mongolia (Övörkhangai Aymag) Dorsetisaurus sp., Paradorsetisaurus postumus (77191)
Albian113.0 - 100.5USA (Texas) Anguidae indet. (14411)
Early/Lower Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5Uzbekistan (Navoi) Varanoidea indet. (58208)
Middle Cenomanian - Late/Upper Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5USA (Utah) Platynota indet. Dakota morphotype E (73433) Platynota indet. Dakota morphotype E, Cnodontosaurus suchockii (14385)
Middle Cenomanian - Early/Lower Turonian99.6 - 89.3Israel Judeasaurus tchernovi (84995)