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Xiphactinus audax
Taxonomy
Polygonodon audax was named by Leidy (1870). It is a 3D body fossil.
It was recombined as Saurocephalus audax by Cope (1850); it was recombined as Portheus audax by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Xiphactinus audax by Leidy (1870), Leidy (1873), Applegate (1970), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Schwimmer et al. (1997), Shimada (2006), Shimada et al. (2006), Shimada and Martin (2008), Cavin et al. (2013) and Bice and Shimada (2016).
It was recombined as Saurocephalus audax by Cope (1850); it was recombined as Portheus audax by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Xiphactinus audax by Leidy (1870), Leidy (1873), Applegate (1970), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Schwimmer et al. (1997), Shimada (2006), Shimada et al. (2006), Shimada and Martin (2008), Cavin et al. (2013) and Bice and Shimada (2016).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1850 | Saurocephalus audax Cope p. 533 |
1856 | Polygonodon audax Leidy p. 221 |
1870 | Saurocephalus thaumas Cope p. 533 |
1870 | Xiphactinus audax Leidy |
1870 | Polygonodon audax Leidy p. 12 |
1871 | Portheus molossus Cope p. 175 |
1873 | Portheus lestrio Cope |
1873 | Xiphactinus audax Leidy p. 290 |
1874 | Portheus mudgei Cope p. 40 |
1874 | Portheus thaumas Cope p. 40 |
1898 | Portheus lowii Stewart |
1898 | Xiphactinus brachygnathus Stewart |
1901 | Portheus molossus Woodward p. 92 |
1902 | Portheus molossus Hay p. 383 |
1902 | Portheus audax Hay p. 384 |
1902 | Portheus brachygnathus Hay p. 384 |
1902 | Portheus lestrio Hay p. 384 |
1902 | Portheus lowii Hay p. 384 |
1902 | Portheus mudgei Hay p. 384 |
1902 | Portheus thaumas Hay p. 384 |
1908 | Portheus thaumas Cockerell p. 173 |
1970 | Xiphactinus audax Applegate p. 418 |
1981 | Xiphactinus audax Thurmond and Jones p. 97 |
1988 | Xiphactinus audax Case and Schwimmer p. 300 |
1997 | Xiphactinus audax Schwimmer et al. p. 611 |
2006 | Xiphactinus audax Shimada p. 169 fig. 5D |
2006 | Xiphactinus audax Shimada et al. p. 23 |
2008 | Xiphactinus audax Shimada and Martin p. 97 fig. 9A,B |
2013 | Xiphactinus audax Cavin et al. p. 161 |
2016 | Xiphactinus audax Bice and Shimada p. 186 figs. 7G-I |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Xiphactinus audax Leidy 1870
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Invalid names: Portheus lestrio Cope 1873 [synonym], Portheus lowii Stewart 1898 [synonym], Portheus molossus Cope 1871 [synonym], Portheus mudgei Cope 1874 [synonym], Saurocephalus thaumas Cope 1870 [synonym], Xiphactinus brachygnathus Stewart 1898 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 |
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Cenomanian to the top of the Campanian or 99.60000 to 72.10000 Ma
Collections (33 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Cenomanian | Venezuela (Trujillo) | Xiphactinus audax (176561) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Kansas) | Xiphactinus audax (213414 213416 213417 213418 213419) | |
Middle Cenomanian | USA (Kansas) | Xiphactinus audax (94538) | |
Middle Cenomanian | USA (Colorado) | Xiphactinus audax (35429) | |
Middle Cenomanian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Xiphactinus audax (22731 52997) | |
Turonian | USA (Kansas) | Xiphactinus audax (102879) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | USA (Kansas) | Xiphactinus audax (213384 213385) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | USA (Nebraska) | Xiphactinus audax (213402) | |
Middle Turonian | USA (Kansas) | Xiphactinus audax (35365 213387 213526) | |
Late/Upper Coniacian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Mississippi) | Xiphactinus audax (164393) | |
Santonian | USA (Alabama) | Xiphactinus audax (81928) | |
Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Xiphactinus audax (94652) | |
Santonian - Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Xiphactinus audax (192128) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Portheus molossus (188488) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Xiphactinus audax (81930 81932 81934 81972 82049 82054) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Middle Campanian | USA (Georgia) | Xiphactinus audax (35289) | |
Campanian | USA (Georgia) | Xiphactinus audax (70720) | |
Campanian | USA (North Carolina) | Portheus molossus (190555) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (North Carolina) | Xiphactinus audax (57918) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Jersey) | Xiphactinus audax (14455) |