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Litopterna

Mammalia - Panameriungulata

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1889Litopterna Ameghino
1894Litopterna Ameghino p. 27
1898Litopterna Gadow p. 45
1899Proacrodon Roth p. 385
1899Proacrodon transformatus Roth p. 385
1901Proadiantus gibbus Ameghino p. 376
1901Paulogervaisia celata Ameghino p. 392
1903Lambdaconus elegans Roth
1904Lambdaconus elegans Roth
1910Litopterna Gregory p. 466
1911Litopterni Jaekel p. 245
1975Litopterna McKenna p. 43
1988Litopterna Carroll
2006Litopterna Bond et al.
2009Litopterna Shockey et al.
2010Litopterna Kramarz et al.
2015Litopterna Welker et al.
2021Litopterna Avilla and Mothé

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
RankNameAuthor
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Euungulata
—Panperissodactyla
orderPanameriungulata
suborderLitopterna(Ameghino 1889)
suborderLitopterna(Ameghino 1889)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subor. †Litopterna Ameghino 1889
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Fm. †Adianthidae Ameghino 1891
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Subfm. †Adianthinae
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G. †Adianthus Ameghino 1891
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†Adianthus bucatus Ameghino 1891
†Adianthus godoyi Cifelli 1991
G. †Proadiantus Ameghino 1897
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†Proadiantus excavatus Ameghino 1897
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Invalid names: Proadiantus pungidens Ameghino 1901 [synonym]
G. †Proheptaconus Bordas 1936
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†Proheptaconus patagonicus Ameghino 1904
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Invalid names: Proheptaconus trelewense Bordas 1939 [synonym]
G. †Thadanius Cifelli and Soria 1983
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†Thadanius hoffstetteri Cifelli and Soria 1983
G. †Tricoelodus Ameghino 1897
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†Tricoelodus bicuspidatus Ameghino 1897
†Tricoelodus boliviensis Cifelli and Soria 1983
Subfm. †Indaleciinae Bond and Vucetich 1983
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G. †Adiantoides Simpson and Minoprio 1949
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†Adiantoides leali Simpson and Minoprio 1949
†Adiantoides magnus Cifelli and Soria 1983
G. †Indalecia Bond and Vucetich 1983
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†Indalecia grandensis Bond and Vucetich 1983
G. †Proheptoconus Bordas 1936
G. †Eolicaphrium Ameghino 1902
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†Eolicaphrium primarium Ameghino 1902
Subor. †Lopholipterna Cifelli 1983
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Invalid names: Macrauchenioidea Cifelli 1983 [empty], Proterotherioidea Ameghino 1887 [empty]
Fm. †Macraucheniidae Ameghino 1889
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G. †Amilnedwardsia Ameghino 1901
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†Amilnedwardsia brevicula Ameghino 1901
Subfm. †Cramaucheniinae Ameghino 1902
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G. †Coniopternium Ameghino 1894
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†Coniopternium andinum Ameghino 1894
†Coniopternium primitivum Cifelli and Soria 1983
G. †Cramauchenia Ameghino 1902
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†Cramauchenia insolitus Ameghino 1902
†Cramauchenia normalis Ameghino 1902
G. †Polymorphis Roth 1899
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†Polymorphis alius Ameghino 1901
†Polymorphis lechei Roth 1899
†Polymorphis planus Roth 1899
Invalid names: Megacrodon Roth 1899 [synonym]
G. †Pternoconius Cifelli and Soria 1983
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†Pternoconius bondi Cheme-Arriaga et al. 2016
†Pternoconius polymorphoides Cifelli and Soria 1983
†Pternoconius tournoueri Soria and Hoffstetter 1985
G. †Theosodon Ameghino 1887
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†Theosodon arozquetai McGrath et al. 2018
†Theosodon fontanae Ameghino 1891
†Theosodon frenguellii Soria 1981
†Theosodon garretorum Scott 1910
†Theosodon gracilis Ameghino 1891
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Invalid names: Theosodon debilis Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Theosodon patagonensis Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
†Theosodon karaikensis Ameghino 1904
†Theosodon lydekkeri Ameghino 1887
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Invalid names: Theosodon frenzeli Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Theosodon lallemanti Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
†Theosodon patagonicum Ameghino 1891
†Theosodon pozzi Kraglievich and Parodi 1931
Invalid names: Theosodontinae Ameghino 1902 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Ernestohaeckelia Ameghino 1901
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†Ernestohaeckelia aculeata Ameghino 1901
†Ernestohaeckelia acutidens Ameghino 1901
G. †Llullataruca McGrath et al. 2018
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†Llullataruca shockeyi McGrath et al. 2018
G. †Macrauchenidia Cabrera 1939
Subfm. †Macraucheniinae Gervais 1855
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G. †Cullinia Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931
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†Cullinia levis Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931
G. †Huayqueriana Kraglievich 1934
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†Huayqueriana cristata Rovereto 1914
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Invalid names: Macrauchenidia latidens Cabrera 1939 [synonym]
G. †Macrauchenia Owen 1838
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†Macrauchenia antiqua Ameghino 1887
†Macrauchenia boliviensis Huxley 1860
†Macrauchenia formosa Moreno 1888
†Macrauchenia intermedia Moreno 1888
G. †Macraucheniopsis Paula Couto 1945
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G. †Micrauchenia Püschel et al. 2023
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†Micrauchenia saladensis Püschel et al. 2023
G. †Oxyodontherium Ameghino 1883
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†Oxyodontherium piramydatus Ameghino 1885
†Oxyodontherium zeballozi Ameghino 1883
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Invalid names: Macrauchenia minuta Burmeister 1885 [synonym]
G. †Paranauchenia Ameghino 1904
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†Paranauchenia denticulata Ameghino 1891
†Paranauchenia denticulatum Ameghino 1891
†Paranauchenia hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931
G. †Phoenixauchenia Ameghino 1904
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†Phoenixauchenia tehuelcha Ameghino 1904
G. †Promacrauchenia Ameghino 1904
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†Promacrauchenia antiqua Ameghino 1887
†Promacrauchenia cristata Rovereto 1914
†Promacrauchenia ensenadense Ameghino 1888
G. †Scalabrinitherium Ameghino 1883
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†Scalabrinia paranaensis Bravard 1858
†Scalabrinitherium bravardi Ameghino 1883
†Scalabrinitherium rothii Ameghino 1885
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Invalid names: Macrauchenia media Burmeister 1885 [synonym]
G. †Windhausenia Kraglievich 1930
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†Windhausenia delacroixi Kraglievich 1930
G. †Xenorhinotherium Cartelle and Lessa 1988
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†Xenorhinotherium bahiense Cartelle and Lessa 1988
G. †Macrauchenopsis Paula Couto 1945
G. †Notodiaphorus Loomis 1914
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†Notodiaphorus crassus Loomis 1914
G. †Pseudomacrauchenia Kraglievich 1930
G. †Rutimeyeria Ameghino 1901
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†Rutimeyeria conulifera Ameghino 1901
G. †Victorlemoineia Ameghino 1901
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†Victorlemoinea longidens Ameghino 1901
†Victorlemoineia emarginata Ameghino 1901
†Victorlemoineia prototypica Paula Couto 1952
Invalid names: Polymorphinae Simpson 1945 [empty]
Fm. †Mesorhinidae Ameghino 1891
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G. †Coelosoma Ameghino 1891
G. †Mesorhinus Ameghino 1885
G. †Pseudocoelosoma Ameghino 1891
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†Pseudocoelosoma patagonica Ameghino 1891
Fm. †Notonychopidae Soria 1989
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G. †Notonychops Soria 1989
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†Notonychops powelli Soria 1989
G. †Requisia Bonaparte and Morales 1997
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†Requisia vidmari Bonaparte and Morales 1997
G. †Wainka Simpson 1935
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†Wainka tshotshe Simpson 1935
Fm. †Proterotheriidae Ameghino 1887
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G. †Anisolambda Ameghino 1901
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†Anisolambda amel Simpson 1948
†Anisolambda fissidens Ameghino 1901
Invalid names: Josepholeidya Ameghino 1901 [synonym]
Subfm. †Anisolambdinae Cifelli 1983
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G. †Paranisolambda Cifelli 1983
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†Paranisolambda prodromus Paula Couto 1952
G. †Protheosodon Ameghino 1897
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†Protheosodon coniferus Ameghino 1897
G. †Anisolophus Burmeister 1885
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†Anisolophus floweri Ameghino 1887
Tr. †Brachytherini Ameghino 1891
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G. †Proterotherium Ameghino 1883
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†Proterotherium acer Ameghino 1894
†Proterotherium americanum Bravard 1858
†Proterotherium australe Burmeister 1879
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Invalid names: Tetramerorhinus mixtum Ameghino 1894 [synonym]
†Proterotherium browni Scott 1910
†Proterotherium cavum Ameghino 1887
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Invalid names: Anomodontherium montanum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Oreomeryx propius Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Oreomeryx superbus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Thoatherium periculorum Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
†Proterotherium cervioides Ameghino 1883
†Proterotherium cingulatum Ameghino 1891
†Proterotherium curtidens Ameghino 1891
†Proterotherium dichotomum Ameghino 1904
†Proterotherium divortium Ameghino 1894
†Proterotherium dogei Scott 1910
†Proterotherium intermedium Ameghino 1894
†Proterotherium karaikense Ameghino 1904
†Proterotherium mixtum Ameghino 1894
†Proterotherium nitens Ameghino 1894
†Proterotherium perpolitum Ameghino 1894
†Proterotherium politum Ameghino 1904
†Proterotherium principale Ameghino 1894
†Proterotherium pyramidatum Ameghino 1894
†Proterotherium simplicidens Rovereto 1914
Invalid names: Anomodontherium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Diadiaphorus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Diaphragmodon Mercerat 1893 [synonym], Heptaconus Ameghino 1894 [synonym], Oreomeryx Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Tichodon Ameghino 1894 [synonym]
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†Caliphrium simplex Ameghino 1894
G. †Deuterotherium Ameghino 1895
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†Deuterotherium distichum Ameghino 1894
G. †Diplasiotherium Rovereto 1914
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†Diplasiotherium pampa Soria 2001
†Diplasiotherium robustum Rovereto 1914
G. †Eoauchenia Ameghino 1887
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†Eoauchenia cingulata Cabrera 1939
†Eoauchenia primitiva Ameghino 1887
G. †Eoproterotherium Ameghino 1904
G. †Eoprotherotherium Ameghino 1904
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G. †Epecuenia Cabrera 1939
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†Epecuenia thoatherioides Cabrera 1939
G. †Guilielmofloweria Ameghino 1901
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†Guilielmofloweria plicata Ameghino 1901
G. †Heteroglyphis Roth 1899
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G. †Lambdaconus Ameghino 1897
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†Lambdaconus inaequifacies Ameghino 1904
†Lambdaconus lacerum Ameghino 1902
†Lambdaconus suinus Ameghino 1897
G. †Licaphrops Ameghino 1904
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†Licaphrops coalescens Ameghino 1904
†Licaphrops festinus Ameghino 1902
G. †Lophogododon Ameghino 1904
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†Lophogododon paranensis Ameghino 1904
Subfm. †Megadolodinae Cifelli and Villarroel 1997
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G. †Bounodus Carlini et al. 2006
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†Bounodus enigmaticus Carlini et al. 2006
G. †Megadolodus McKenna 1956
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†Megadolodus molariformis McKenna 1956
G. †Mesolicaphrium McGrath et al. 2020
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†Mesolicaphrium sanalfonense Cifelli and Guerrero Diaz 1997
G. †Neodolodus Hoffstetter and Soria 1986
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†Neodolodus colombianus Hoffstetter and Soria 1986
G. †Neolicaphrium Frenguelli 1921
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†Neolicaphrium major Soria 2001
†Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli 1921
G. †Olisanophus McGrath et al. 2020
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†Olisanophus akilachuta McGrath et al. 2020
†Olisanophus riorosarioensis McGrath et al. 2020
G. †Paramacrauchenia Bordas 1939
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†Paramacrauchenia scammata Ameghino 1902
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Invalid names: Prothoatherium plicatum Ameghino 1904 [synonym]
†Paramacrauchenia scamnata Ameghino 1902
G. †Phoradiadius Simpson et al. 1962
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†Phoradiadius divortiensis Simpson et al. 1962
G. †Picturotherium Kramarz and Bond 2005
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†Picturotherium migueli Kramarz and Bond 2005
G. †Polyacrodon Roth 1899
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Invalid names: Decaconus intricatus Ameghino 1901 [synonym]
†Polyacrodon ligatus Roth 1899
Invalid names: Decaconus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Oroacrodon Ameghino 1904 [objective synonym], Periacrodon Ameghino 1904 [synonym]
G. †Prolicaphrium Ameghino 1902
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†Prolicaphrium specillatum Ameghino 1902
†Prolicaphrium spectabile Ameghino 1902
G. †Promylophis Shockey et al. 2022
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†Promylophis cifellii Shockey et al. 2022
Subfm. †Proterotheriinae Ameghino 1885
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G. †Brachytherium Ameghino 1883
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†Brachytherium cuspidatum Ameghino 1883
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Invalid names: Epitherium paranensis Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Licaphrium mesopotamiense de Blanchini and Blanchini 1971 [synonym], Lophogonodon gradatum Ameghino 1891 [synonym]
†Brachytherium cuspidatus Ameghino 1883
†Brachytherium gradatum Ameghino 1891
†Brachytherium morenoi Rovereto 1914
G. †Neobrachytherium Soria 2001
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†Neobrachytherium intermedium Moreno and Mercerat 1891
†Neobrachytherium morenoi Rovereto 1914
G. †Pseudobrachytherium Corona et al. 2020
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†Pseudobrachytherium breve Corona et al. 2020
Tr. †Proterotherini Ameghino 1891
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G. †Licaphrium Ameghino 1887
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†Licaphrium debile Ameghino 1894
†Licaphrium floweri Ameghino 1887
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Invalid names: Anisolophus fischeri Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
†Licaphrium granatum Ameghino 1894
†Licaphrium intermedium Ameghino 1891
†Licaphrium intermissum Ameghino 1891
†Licaphrium parvulum Ameghino 1891
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Invalid names: Licaphrium arenarum Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
†Licaphrium proclivum Ameghino 1894
†Licaphrium proximum Ameghino 1904
†Licaphrium pyramidatum Ameghino 1904
†Licaphrium tenuae Ameghino 1894
G. †Prothoatherium Ameghino 1902
G. †Ricardolydekkeria Ameghino 1901
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†Ricardolydekkeria cinctula Ameghino 1904
†Ricardolydekkeria lunulata Ameghino 1904
†Ricardolydekkeria praerupta Ameghino 1901
†Ricardolydekkeria profunda Ameghino 1901
Invalid names: Heterolambda Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Lopholambda Ameghino 1904 [synonym]
G. †Tetramerorhinus Ameghino 1894
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†Tetramerorhinus cingulatum Ameghino 1891
†Tetramerorhinus fleaglei Kramarz and Bond 2005
†Tetramerorhinus fortis Ameghino 1894
†Tetramerorhinus lucarius Ameghino 1894
†Tetramerorhinus prosistens Ameghino 1899
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Invalid names: Diadiaphorus zamius Ameghino 1899 [synonym], Heptaconus obcallatus Ameghino 1899 [synonym]
G. †Thoatherium Ameghino 1887
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†Thoatherium bilobatum Ameghino 1904
†Thoatherium crepidatum Ameghino 1891
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Invalid names: Merycodon damesi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Rhagodon gracilis Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
†Thoatherium karaikense Ameghino 1904
†Thoatherium minusculum Ameghino 1887
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Invalid names: Merycodon rusticus Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
†Thoatherium rhabdodon Ameghino 1894
†Thoatherium velatum Ameghino 1904
Invalid names: Merycodon Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Rhagodon Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
G. †Villarroelia Cifelli and Guerrero Diaz 1997
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†Villarroelia totoyoi Cifelli and Guerrero Diaz 1997
G. †Xesmodon Berg 1899
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†Xesmodon langi Roth 1899
†Xesmodon prolixus Roth 1899
Invalid names: Glyphodon Roth 1899 [replaced]
Invalid names: Anisolambda nodulosa Roth 1904 [nomen vanum], Bunodontheridae Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
Fm. †Protolipternidae Cifelli 1983
+
G. †Asmithwoodwardia Ameghino 1901
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†Asmithwoodwardia scotti Paula Couto 1952
†Asmithwoodwardia subtrigona Ameghino 1901
G. †Miguelsoria Cifelli 1983
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†Miguelsoria parayirunhor Paula Couto 1952
G. †Protolipterna Cifelli 1983
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Fm. †Sparnotheriodontidae Soria 1980
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G. †Notiolofos Bond et al. 2009
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†Notiolofos arquinotiensis Bond et al. 2006
†Notiolofos regueroi Gelfo et al. 2017
G. †Notolophus Bond et al. 2006
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†Notolophus arquinotiensis Bond et al. 2006
G. †Sparnotheriodon Soria 1980
+
G. †Thoatheriopsis Soria 2001
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Invalid names: Eolitopterna Soria 2001 [empty], Lambdaconus elegans Roth 1904 [nomen dubium], Paulogervaisia celata Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Proacrodon Roth 1899 [nomen vanum], Proacrodon transformatus Roth 1899 [nomen vanum], Proadiantus gibbus Ameghino 1901 [nomen vanum]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Maximum body mass: 80 kgg
Minimum body mass: 18.14 kgs
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: scansorialsubc
Diet: herbivoreo
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2009-01-05 17:11:35
Modified: 2009-01-05 19:11:35
Source: s = species, g = genus, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: MacFadden et al. 1996, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, Cifelli and Villarroel 1997, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002

Age range: base of the Danian to the top of the Holocene or 66.00000 to 0.00000 Ma

Collections (344 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Danian66.0 - 61.6Argentina (Chubut) Requisia vidmari (95914) Wainka tshotshe (13782)
Late/Upper Paleocene58.7 - 55.8Argentina (Tucumán) Indalecia sp., Notonychops powelli (41607)
Riochican57.0 - 55.8Argentina (Chubut) Victorlemoineia sp., Josepholeidya sp., Ricardolydekkeria sp. (13781)
Casamayoran56.0 - 48.0Argentina (Chubut) Anisolambda sp. (175743) Josepholeidya adunca (175738) Lambdaconus suinus, Asmithwoodwardia subtrigona, Ernestohaeckelia aculeata, Anisolambda fissidens, Eolicaphrium primarium, Heterolambda lunulata, Ricardolydekkeria cinctula (176285)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Antarctica Notiolofos arquinotiensis (175618) Notolophus arquinotiensis (100414)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Antarctica (Seymour Island) Notiolofos arquinotiensis (182804) Notiolofos regueroi (187082) Notolophus arquinotiensis (176084 176085 176087)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Argentina (Chubut) Asmithwoodwardia sp., Anisolambda sp., Victorlemoineia sp. (133040)
Eocene - Miocene56.0 - 5.333Argentina (Santa Cruz) Macrauchenia patachonica (50077)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Ernestokokenia parayirunhor, Asmithwoodwardia scotti, Victorlemoineia prototypica, Anisolambda prodromus, Protolipterna ellipsodontoides (118314)
Mustersan48.0 - 42.0Argentina (Chubut) Glyphodon langi (176317) Lambdaconus alius, Decaconus intricatus, Paulogervaisia celata (176286) Polyacrodon lanciformis (175761) Polyacrodon lanciformis, Polyacrodon ligatus, Megacrodon prolixus, Megacrodon planus, Proacrodon transformatus, Polymorphis lechei, Heteroglyphis dewoletzky, Lambdaconus elegans (176290) Polyacrodon ligatus (176287) Polymorphis lechei (176289)

Youngest occurrences
Time interval Ma Country or state PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Peru Macrauchenia patachonica (71296)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Argentina (Santiago del Estero) Macrauchenia sp., Neolicaphrium recens (191153)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Chile Macrauchenia patachonica (225571) Macrauchenia sp. (71341 225572)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial)0.129 - 0.0117Brazil (Bahia) Xenorhinotherium bahiense (136498)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) Macrauchenia patachonica (147598 151520 151522 151539) Macrauchenia patachonica, Neolicaphrium recens (149143)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Uruguay Neolicaphrium recens (211855)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Argentina (Buenos Aires) Macrauchenia sp. (191127)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte) Xenorhinotherium bahiense (148309)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Brazil (Bahia) Xenorhinotherium bahiensis (212449)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Chile (Ultima Esperanza) Macrauchenia sp. (151088)