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Paracryptodira
Taxonomy
Paracryptodira was named by Gaffney (1975) [Parvorder Paracryptodira]. It was considered monophyletic by Joyce (2007), Danilov and Parham (2008), Anquetin et al. (2009) and Pérez-García and Ortega (2011) and Joyce and Anquetin (2019).
It was assigned to Cryptodira by Gaffney (1975); to Cryptodiramorpha by Pérez-García et al. (2008); to Pancryptodira by Pérez-García and Ortega (2011); to Cryptodira by Sullivan et al. (2012); to Cryptodira by Hutchison et al. (2013); to Testudines by Lipka et al. (2006), Joyce (2007), Lyson and Joyce (2011), Pérez-García and Ortega (2011), Anquetin (2012), Puntener et al. (2014) and Lively (2015); to Testudines by Anquetin et al. (2009), Brinkman (2013), Lively (2016) and Joyce and Anquetin (2019); to Testudinata by Danilov and Parham (2008), Pérez-García (2012), Guerrero and Pérez-García (2020), Rollot et al. (2021) and Pérez-Garcia et al. (2021); and to Testudinata by Guerrero and Pérez-García (2021).
It was assigned to Cryptodira by Gaffney (1975); to Cryptodiramorpha by Pérez-García et al. (2008); to Pancryptodira by Pérez-García and Ortega (2011); to Cryptodira by Sullivan et al. (2012); to Cryptodira by Hutchison et al. (2013); to Testudines by Lipka et al. (2006), Joyce (2007), Lyson and Joyce (2011), Pérez-García and Ortega (2011), Anquetin (2012), Puntener et al. (2014) and Lively (2015); to Testudines by Anquetin et al. (2009), Brinkman (2013), Lively (2016) and Joyce and Anquetin (2019); to Testudinata by Danilov and Parham (2008), Pérez-García (2012), Guerrero and Pérez-García (2020), Rollot et al. (2021) and Pérez-Garcia et al. (2021); and to Testudinata by Guerrero and Pérez-García (2021).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1876 | Polythorax Cope |
1876 | Polythorax missuriensis Cope |
1876 | Polythorax Cope p. 258 |
1876 | Polythorax missuriensis Cope p. 258 |
1884 | Polythorax Cope |
1902 | Polythorax Hay p. 438 |
1902 | Polythorax missuriensis Hay p. 438 |
1903 | Probaena sculpta Hay p. 201 figs. plate iii, figs. I, 2 |
1908 | Glyptops caelatus Hay |
1908 | Glyptops pervicax Hay p. 54 figs. text-fig. 32 |
1908 | Polythorax Hay p. 100 |
1908 | Polythorax missuriensis Hay p. 100 |
1911 | Desmemys bertelmanni Wegner |
1921 | Glyptops caelatus Gilmore p. 590 |
1930 | Glyptops caelatus Hay p. 70 |
1930 | Glyptops pervicax Hay p. 70 |
1930 | Probaena sculpta Hay p. 71 |
1930 | Polythorax Hay p. 73 |
1930 | Polythorax missuriensis Hay p. 73 |
1975 | Paracryptodira Gaffney |
2006 | Paracryptodira Lipka et al. p. 301 |
2007 | Paracryptodira Joyce |
2008 | Paracryptodira Danilov and Parham |
2008 | Paracryptodira Pérez-García et al. |
2009 | Paracryptodira Anquetin et al. |
2011 | Paracryptodira Lyson and Joyce p. 793 |
2011 | Paracryptodira Pérez-García and Ortega |
2012 | Paracryptodira Anquetin p. 28 |
2012 | Paracryptodira Pérez-García |
2012 | Paracryptodira Sullivan et al. |
2013 | Paracryptodira Brinkman |
2013 | Paracryptodira Hutchison et al. |
2014 | Paracryptodira Puntener et al. |
2015 | Paracryptodira Lively |
2016 | Paracryptodira Lively |
2019 | Paracryptodira Joyce and Anquetin |
2020 | Paracryptodira Guerrero and Pérez-García p. 3 |
2021 | Paracryptodira Guerrero and Pérez-García |
2021 | Paracryptodira Pérez-Garcia et al. |
2021 | Paracryptodira Rollot et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. †Paracryptodira Gaffney 1975
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Fm. †Baenidae Cope 1882
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Unr. †Baenodda Gaffney and Meylan 1988
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Unr. †Eubaeninae Williams 1950
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G. †Baena Leidy 1870
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†Baena affinis Leidy 1871
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Invalid names: Baena inflata Gilmore 1915 [synonym], Baena riparia Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Baena arenosa Leidy 1870
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Invalid names: Baena clara Hay 1908 [synonym], Baena emiliae Hay 1908 [synonym], Baena sima Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Baena escavada Hay 1908
†Baena hayi Gilmore 1916
G. †Chisternon Leidy 1872
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†Chisternon undatum Leidy 1871
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Invalid names: Baena gigantea Gilmore 1915 [synonym], Baena hebraica Cope 1872 [synonym]
G. †Stygiochelys Gaffney and Hiatt 1971
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†Stygiochelys estesi Gaffney and Hiatt 1971
Invalid names: Stygiochelys estesi Gaffney and Hiatt 1971 [valid]
Invalid names: Baena marshi Hay 1904 [nomen dubium], Chisternon interpositum Hay 1909 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Palatobaeninae Gaffney 1972
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G. †Cedrobaena Lyson and Joyce 2009
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†Cedrobaena brinkman Lyson and Joyce 2009
†Cedrobaena putorius Gaffney 1972
G. †Palatobaena Gaffney 1972
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†Palatobaena bairdi Gaffney 1972
†Palatobaena cohen Lyson and Joyce 2009
†Palatobaena gaffneyi Archibald and Hutchison 1979
†Palatobaena knellerorum Lyson et al. 2021
G. †Plesiobaena Gaffney 1972
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G. †Neurankylus Lambe 1902
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†Neurankylus baueri Gilmore 1916
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Invalid names: Neurankylus hutchisoni Lively 2016 [synonym], Neurankylus utahensis Lively 2016 [synonym]
†Neurankylus eximius Lambe 1902
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Invalid names: Baena fluviatilis Parks 1933 [synonym], Charitemys captans Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Neurankylus lithographicus Larson et al. 2013
†Neurankylus notos Lichtig and Lucas 2016
†Neurankylus torrejonensis Lyson et al. 2016
Invalid names: Charitemys Hay 1908 [synonym]
G. †Peckemys Lyson and Joyce 2009
G. †Probaena Hay 1903
G. †Stygiochelys Gaffney and Hiatt 1971
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†Stygiochelys estesi Gaffney and Hiatt 1971
Invalid names: Stygiochelys estesi Gaffney and Hiatt 1971 [valid]
Invalid names: Baena platyplastra Gilmore 1915 [nomen dubium], Baeninae Cope 1882 [empty], Hayemydinae Gaffney 1972 [empty], Thescelus hemispherica Gilmore 1935 [nomen dubium], Trinitychelyinae Gaffney 1972 [empty]
Fm. †Compsemydidae Pérez-García et al. 2015
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G. †Compsemys Leidy 1856
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†Compsemys victa Leidy 1856
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Invalid names: Compsemys parva Hay 1910 [synonym], Compsemys puercensis Gilmore 1919 [synonym], Compsemys torrejonensis Gilmore 1919 [synonym], Compsemys vafer Hay 1910 [synonym]
Invalid names: Emys obscurus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Glyptops depressus Hay 1908 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Pleurosternidae Cope 1868
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G. †Desmemys Wegner 1911
G. †Dorsetochelys Evans and Kemp 1976
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†Dorsetochelys typocardium Seeley 1869
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Invalid names: Ballerstedtia bueckebergensis Karl et al. 2012 [synonym], Dorsetochelys delairi Evans and Kemp 1976 [synonym], Thalassemys ruetimeyeri Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dorsetochelys buzzops Bakker 1998 [nomen dubium]
G. †Pleurosternon Owen 1853
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†Pleurosternon bullockii Owen 1842
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Invalid names: Megasternon koenigii Gray 1870 [synonym], Mesochelys durlstonensis Evans and Kemp 1975 [synonym], Pleurosternon concinnum Owen 1853 [synonym], Pleurosternon emarginatum Owen 1853 [synonym], Pleurosternon ovatum Owen 1853 [synonym], Pleurosternon oweni Seeley 1869 [synonym], Pleurosternon sedgwicki Seeley 1869 [synonym], Pleurosternon vansittarti Seeley 1869 [synonym], Pleurosternum portlandicum Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
†Pleurosternon moncayensis Pérez-Garcia et al. 2021
Invalid names: Digerrhum Cope 1870 [synonym], Mesochelys Evans and Kemp 1975 [synonym]
Invalid names: Desmemydinae Nopcsa 1928 [empty]
Invalid names: Desmemys bertelmanni Wegner 1911 [nomen dubium], Glyptops caelatus Hay 1908 [nomen dubium], Glyptops pervicax Hay 1908 [nomen dubium], Polythorax Cope 1876 [nomen dubium], Polythorax missuriensis Cope 1876 [nomen dubium], Probaena sculpta Hay 1903 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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T. R. Lyson and W. G. Joyce 2011 | ‘‘Paracryptodira’’ refers to the most inclusive clade containing Pleurosternon (orig. Platemys) bullockii Owen, 1842 and Baena arenosa Leidy, 1870 but not any species of Recent turtle.
Canalis caroticus internus located halfway along suture between pterygoid and basisphenoid; interpterygoid vacuity absent; distinct thickening of plastron medial to inguinal buttress. | |
W. G. Joyce and J. Anquetin 2019 | Paracryptodires can be differentiated from all other turtles by symplesiomorphically exhibiting a midline contact of the nasals and modest lower and upper temporal emarginations, lacking a midline contact of the prefrontals, and possessing large mesoplastra with a midline contact, and by apomorphically exhibiting a dense surface texture that covers the skull and shell, a foramen posterius canalis carotici interni located halfway along contact between pterygoid and basisphenoid, and thickenings of the plastron medial to the bridges. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 |
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Bathonian to the top of the Lutetian or 167.70000 to 41.30000 Ma
Collections (651 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Bathonian | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Pleurosternidae indet. (139746) | |
Late/Upper Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Cryptodira indet. (39075) Pleurosternidae indet. (57124) | |
Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Leiria) | Peltochelys duchastelli, Carettochelyidae indet. (24563) | |
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (Wyoming) | Baenidae indet. (230772 231545) Baenidae indet., Dorsetochelys buzzops (231548) Baenidae indet., Pleurosternidae indet. (230770 230773 230774) Baenidae indet., Testudines indet. (55486) Chelonia indet. (58507) Dinochelys whitei, Glyptops plicatulus (49636) Glyptops ornatus, Dinochelys whitei, Glyptops plicatulus (12816) Glyptops plicatulus (22648 39253 39428) Glyptops plicatulus, Chelonia indet. (39370) Glyptops plicatulus, Dinochelys whitei (39431) Glyptops sp. (48837 49637 55483 57896 225937 225938) Glyptops sp., Dinochelys sp. (56165) Pleurosternidae indet. (231546) Pleurosternidae indet. 1, Pleurosternidae indet. 2 (230769) | |
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (South Dakota) | Testudines indet. (49631) | |
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (Colorado) | Compsemys plicatulus (137746) Glyptops sp. (48157 192451) Glyptops sp., Dinochelys sp. (231533) | |
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (New Mexico) | Glyptops plicatulus (22717) | |
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (Utah) | Glyptops plicatulus (220417) Glyptops sp. (49595) | |
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Centro) | Pleurosternidae indet. (91397 108806) | |
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Lisboa) | Selenemys lusitanica (108808) | |
Youngest occurrences |
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Time interval | Ma | Country or state | PBDB collection number |
Clarkforkian | USA (Colorado) | Compsemys sp. (176833) | |
Ypresian - Lutetian | USA (Wyoming) | Baena arenosa (193357) | |
Wasatchian | USA (Wyoming) | Baena arenosa (15661) Baena sp. (15793) Baena sp., Palatobaena sp. (59890) Chisternon sp. (59892) Palatobaena gaffneyi (118482) | |
Wasatchian | USA (New Mexico) | Baena arenosa (176881) | |
Bridgerian | USA (Wyoming) | Baena arenosa (16229 16253 16262 16265 16647 27269 70257) Baena arenosa, Baena affinis (16201) Baena arenosa, Baena sima, Baena riparia, Chisternon undatum, Chisternon hebraicum (16228) Baena arenosa, Baena undata (131861) Baena sima (16255) Baena undata (16211 128447) Baenidae indet. (15837) Chisternon sp. (74504) Chisternon undatum (16226 106325) Chisternon undatum, Baena hebraica (130809) | |
Bridgerian - Early/Lower Uintan | USA (Wyoming) | Baena arenosa (128443) | |
Middle Eocene | USA (Wyoming) | Baena arenosa, Chisternon undatum, Baena undata (81455) | |
Early/Lower Uintan | USA (Utah) | Baena arenosa (16572 109207) Baenidae indet., Baena arenosa (186888) Chisternon undatum (186887) | |
Late/Upper Uintan | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Baena sp. (16626) | |
Uintan | USA (Utah) | Baena arenosa (185685 186889 186891 186892 186893 186895 186897 222799 222805) Baena arenosa, Chisternon undatum (186890 186894 186896) Baena emiliae (16589 185687 185689 185691) Baena emiliae, Baena inflata, Baena gigantea (16646) Baena emiliae, Baena platyplastra (185688) Baena inflata (185690) Baenidae indet. (213059 222803) |