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Carcharhiniformes (ground shark)

Chondrichthyes - Carcharhiniformes

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1973Carcharhiniformes Compagno
1992Carcharhiniformes Cappetta p. 640
1992Carcharhiniformes Long p. 29
1999Carchariniformes Underwood et al. p. 292
2001Carcharhiniformes Purdy et al. p. 139
2002Carcharhiniformes Sepkoski
2004Carcharhiniformes Underwood and Ward p. 451
2005Carcharhiniformes Kriwet
2005Carcharhiniformes Tabuce et al. p. 385
2006Carcharhiniformes Chandler et al. p. 2
2006Carcharhiniformes Malyshkina p. 467
2006Carcharhiniformes Underwood p. 234
2009Carcharhiniformes Cicimurri and Knight p. 632
2009Carcharhiniformes Kriwet et al. p. 323
2011Carchariniformes Long p. 242
2016Carcharhiniformes Nelson et al. p. 68
2017Carcharhiniformes Engelbrecht et al. p. 2
2018Carcharhiniformes Kent p. 103
2019Carcharhiniformes Ebersole et al. p. 58
2024Carcharhiniformes Feichtinger et al. p. 16

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
RankNameAuthor
classChondrichthyes
subclassElasmobranchiiBonaparte 1838
infraclassEuselachii()
—NeoselachiiCompagno 1977
superorderGaleomorphiiCompagno 1973
orderCarcharhiniformesCompagno 1973
orderCarcharhiniformesCompagno 1973

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Carcharhiniformes Compagno 1973 [ground shark]
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Fm. Carcharhinidae Jordan and Evermann 1896 [requiem shark]
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G. †Alopiopsis Lioy 1865
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†Alopiopsis plejodon Lioy 1865
G. Aprionodon Gill 1861
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†Aprionodon amekiensis White 1926
†Aprionodon lerichei Dartevelle and Casier 1943
G. †Archaeogaleus Guinot et al. 2014
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†Archaeogaleus lengadocensis Guinot et al. 2014
Subfm. Carcharhininae Jordan and Evermann 1896
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Invalid names: Carcharhinini Jordan and Evermann 1896 [empty], Rhizoprionodontini Compagno 1988 [empty], Triaenodontini Bonaparte 1838 [empty]
G. Carcharhinus de Blainville 1816
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†Carcharhinus ackermani Santos and Travasos 1960
†Carcharhinus antiquus Agassiz 1856
†Carcharhinus balochenisis Adnet et al. 2007
†Carcharhinus dicelmai Collareta et al. 2022
†Carcharhinus egertoni Agassiz 1843
†Carcharhinus elongatus Leriche 1910
†Carcharhinus falciformis Bibron 1841
†Carcharhinus frequens Dames 1883
Carcharhinus gibbesii Woodward 1889
†Carcharhinus gilmorei Leriche 1942
†Carcharhinus kasserinensis Adnet et al. 2020
Carcharhinus lamia Cuvier 1817
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Invalid names: Carcharhinus commersoni Blainville 1816 [synonym]
†Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes 1839
†Carcharhinus macloti Muller and Henle 1839
†Carcharhinus magdalenae Jordan and Hanibal 1923
†Carcharhinus mancinae Ebersole et al. 2019
†Carcharhinus marcaisi Arambourg 1952
†Carcharhinus obscurus Le Sueur 1818
†Carcharhinus perseus Adnet et al. 2007
†Carcharhinus plumbeus Nardo 1827
Carcharhinus porosus Ranzani 1839
†Carcharhinus priscus Agassiz 1843
Carcharhinus sorrah Valenciennes 1841
G. †Danogaleus Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Danogaleus gueriri Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
G. †Eogaleus Cappetta 1975
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†Eogaleus bolcensis Capetta 1975
G. Glyphis Agassiz 1843 [river shark]
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†Glyphis hastalis Agassiz 1843
G. †Hypoprion Muller and Henle 1838
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†Hypoprion overricus White 1926
G. Isogomphodon Gill 1862 [daggernose shark]
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†Isogomphodon acuarias Probst 1879
†Isogomphodon aikenensis Cicimurri and Knight 2019
G. Lamiopsis Gill 1862
G. Loxodon Müller and Henle 1838
G. †Misrichthys Case and Cappetta 1990
G. Nasolamia Compagno and Garrick 1983
G. Negaprion Whitley 1940 [lemon shark]
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G. Physodon Müller and Henle 1839
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†Physodon contortus Gervais 1872
†Physodon secundus Winkler 1876
†Physodon triqueter Eastman 1904
G. †Physogaleus Cappetta 1980
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†Physogaleus contortus Gibbes 1847
†Physogaleus cuvieri Agassiz 1835
†Physogaleus hemmooriensis Reinecke and Hoedemakers 2006
†Physogaleus onkensis Boulemia and Adnet 2023
†Physogaleus secundus Winkler 1876
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Invalid names: Galeorhinus formosus Arambourg 1952 [synonym], Trigonodus tertius Winkler 1874 [synonym]
G. Prionace Cantor 1849 [blue shark]
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Invalid names: Carcharias (Prionodon) Müller and Henle 1841 [replaced]
G. †Pseudabdounia Ebersole et al. 2019
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†Pseudabdounia recticonus Winkler 1874
G. Rhizoprionodon Whitley 1929 [sharpnose shark]
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†Rhizoprionodon ganntourensis Arambourg 1952
Rhizoprionodon lalandii Müller and Henle 1839
Rhizoprionodon longurio Jordan and Gilbert 1882
†Rhizoprionodon taxandriae Leriche 1926
G. †Scoliodon Muller and Henle 1837
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†Scoliodon conecuhensis Cappetta and Case 2016
†Scoliodon terraenovae Richardson 1836
G. †Triaenodon Mueller and Henle 1837
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†Triaenodon obesus Ruppell 1835
Invalid names: Scoliodontinae Whitley 1934 [empty]
G. †Corysodon Saint-Seine 1949
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†Corysodon multicristatus Batchelor and Duffin 2023
Fm. †Florenceodontidae Cappetta et al. 2019
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G. †Florenceodon Cappetta et al. 2019
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†Florenceodon johnyi Cappetta et al. 2019
Fm. Galeocerdidae Whitley 1934
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G. Galeocerdo Müller and Henle 1837 [tiger shark]
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†Galeocerdo acanthodon Le Hon 1871
†Galeocerdo aduncus Agassiz 1835
†Galeocerdo alabamensis Leriche 1942
†Galeocerdo clarkensis White 1956
†Galeocerdo cuvier Peron and LeSueur 1822
†Galeocerdo davisi Chapman and Pritchard 1904
†Galeocerdo denticulatus Agassiz 1835
†Galeocerdo eaglesomei White 1926
†Galeocerdo egertoni Agassiz 1843
†Galeocerdo gibberulus Agassiz 1843
†Galeocerdo latidens Agassiz 1835
†Galeocerdo minor Agassiz 1835
†Galeocerdo mixtus Ameghino 1901
†Galeocerdo rosaliensis Applegate 1978
†Galeocerdo semilevis White 1926
†Galeocerdo subcrenatus Emmons 1858
Galeocerdo tigrinus Müller and Henle 1838
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G. Chaenogaleus Gill 1861
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†Chaenogaleus affinis Probst 1878
G. Hemigaleus Bleeker 1852
G. Hemipristis Agassiz 1835
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†Hemipristis curvatus Dames 1883
†Hemipristis cyclodonta Pedroni 1844
Hemipristis elongata Klunziger 1871
Hemipristis elongatus Klunziger 1871
†Hemipristis heteropleurus Agassiz 1844
†Hemipristis serra Agassiz 1835
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Invalid names: Hemipristis paucidens Agassiz 1835 [synonym]
G. †Moerigaleus Underwood and Ward 2011
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†Moerigaleus vitreodon Underwood and Ward 2011
G. Paragaleus Budker 1935
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G. †Leptocharias Müller and Henle 1837
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†Leptocharias cretaceus Underwood and Ward 2008
†Leptocharias tunisiensis Adnet et al. 2020
G. †Platyrhizodon Guinot et al. 2013
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†Platyrhizodon barbei Guinot et al. 2013
†Platyrhizodon gracilis Guinot et al. 2013
Fm. Proscylliidae Fowler 1941
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G. †Eypea Underwood and Ward 2004
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†Eypea leesi Underwood and Ward 2004
G. †Praeproscyllium Underwood and Ward 2004
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†Praeproscyllium oxoniensis Underwood and Ward 2004
Fm. †Pseudoscyliorhinidae Stumpf et al. 2019
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G. †Diprosopovenator Stumpf et al. 2019
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†Diprosopovenator hilperti Stumpf et al. 2019
G. †Pseudoscyliorhinus Müller and Diedrich 1991
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†Pseudoscyliorhinus schwarzhansi Müller and Diedrich 1991
Fm. Scyliorhinidae Gill 1862 [cat shark]
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G. †Abdounia Cappetta 1980
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†Abdounia africana Arambourg 1952
†Abdounia beaugei Arambourg 1935
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Invalid names: Galeus doncieuxi Leriche 1936 [synonym]
†Abdounia enniskilleni White 1956
†Abdounia finalis Arambourg 1952
†Abdounia mesetae Engelbrecht et al. 2017
†Abdounia minutissima Winkler 1874
†Abdounia recticonia Winkler 1873
†Abdounia richteri Engelbrecht et al. 2017
G. †Apristurus Garman 1913
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†Apristurus sereti Adnet 2006
G. †Bythaelurus Compagno 1988
G. †Cadiera Guinot et al. 2014
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†Cadiera camboensis Guinot et al. 2014
G. †Casieria Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Casieria maghrebiana Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
G. †Crassescyliorhinus Underwood and Ward 2008
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G. †Cretascyliorhinus Underwood and Mitchell 1999
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G. †Foumtizia Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Foumtizia abdouni Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Foumtizia arba Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Foumtizia gadaensis Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Foumtizia poudenxae Adnet 2006
†Foumtizia zhelezkoi Malyshkina 2006
G. Galeus Schaeffer 1760
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†Galeus latus Storms 1894
†Galeus porrectus Bohm 1926
†Galeus recticonus Winkler 1873
†Galeus robustus Bohm 1926
Invalid names: Pristiurus Bonaparte 1834 [synonym]
G. †Haploblepharus Garman 1913
G. †Megascyliorhinus Cappetta and Ward 1977
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†Megascyliorhinus cooperi Cappetta and Ward 1977
†Megascyliorhinus miocaenicus Antunes and Jonet 1969
G. †Microscyliorhinus Case 1994
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†Microscyliorhinus simplex Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
G. †Palaeoscyllium Wagner 1857
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†Palaeoscyllium formosum Wagner 1857
†Palaeoscyllium minus Woodward 1889
Palaeoscyllium tenuidens Underwood and Ward 2004
G. †Paramaturus Garman 1906
G. †Parascyllium Gill 1861
G. †Parasymbolus Candoni 1993
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†Parasymbolus reticularis Underwood and Mitchell 1999
G. †Platyrhizoscyllium Adnet 2006
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G. †Porodermoides Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Porodermoides spanios Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
Subfm. †Premontreinae Cappetta 1992
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G. †Pachyscyllium Reinecke et al. 2005
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†Pachyscyllium dachiardii Lawley 1876
G. †Premontreia Cappetta 1992
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Subg. †Premontreia (Oxyscyllium) Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Premontreia (Oxyscyllium) peypouqueti Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
Subg. †Premontreia (Premontreia) Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Premontreia degremonti Cappetta 1992
†Premontreia distans Probst 1879
G. †Stenoscyllium Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Stenoscyllium priemi Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
G. †Prohaploblepharus Underwood and Ward 2008
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G. †Proscyllium Higgendorf 1904
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†Protoscyliorhinus lamaudi Biddle and Landemaine 1988
†Protoscyliorhinus magnus Landemaine 1991
G. Pseudotriacis Capello 1867
G. †Pteroscyllium Cappetta 1980
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†Pteroscyllium hermani Underwood and Ward 2008
†Pteroscyllium lamranii Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Pteroscyllium nolfi Müller and Diedrich 1991
†Pteroscyllium ornatum Underwood and Mitchell 1999
†Pteroscyllium signeuxi Cappetta 1980
†Pteroscyllium speetonensis Underwood 2004
G. †Scyliorhinotheca Kiel et al. 2013
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†Scyliorhinotheca goederti Kiel et al. 2013
G. Scyliorhinus Blainville 1816
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†Scyliorhinus alaformis Feichtinger et al. 2024
†Scyliorhinus antiquus Agassiz 1843
†Scyliorhinus arlingtonensis Cappetta and Case 1999
†Scyliorhinus biddlei Halter 1995
†Scyliorhinus brumarivulensis Underwood and Ward 2008
†Scyliorhinus cabindensis Leriche 1927
†Scyliorhinus coupatezi Herman 1974
†Scyliorhinus distans Probst 1879
†Scyliorhinus dubius Woodward 1889
†Scyliorhinus elongatus Davis 1887
†Scyliorhinus entomodon Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Scyliorhinus fossilis Leriche 1927
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Invalid names: Physodon ficheuri Joleaud 1912 [synonym], Scyliorhinus joleaudi Cappetta 1970 [synonym]
†Scyliorhinus luypaertsi Halter 1995
†Scyliorhinus minutissimus Winkler 1873
†Scyliorhinus monsaugustus Guinot et al. 2013
†Scyliorhinus muelleri Guinot et al. 2013
†Scyliorhinus pattersoni Cappetta 1976
†Scyliorhinus ptychtus Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Scyliorhinus reyndersi Halter 1995
†Scyliorhinus sulcidens Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Scyliorhinus taylorensis Cappetta and Case 1999
†Scyliorhinus trifolius Adnet 2006
†Scyliorhinus weemsi Cicimurri et al. 2022
†Scyliorhinus woodwardi Cappetta 1976
Invalid names: Catulus Smith 1837 [synonym], Cephaloscyllium Gill 1861 [synonym], Halaelurus Gill 1861 [synonym], Poroderma Smith 1837 [synonym]
G. †Scylliodus Agassiz 1843
G. Scyllium Cuvier 1817
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†Scyllium angustum Agassiz 1838
†Scyllium minutissimum Winkler 1873
†Scyllium tumidens Woodward 1889
G. †Sigmoscyllium Guinot et al. 2013
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†Sigmoscyllium acuspidatum Guinot et al. 2013
†Sigmoscyllium striatum Underwood and Ward 2008
G. †Thiesus Guinot et al. 2014
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†Thiesus concavus Guinot et al. 2014
G. †Thyellina Agassiz 1838
Invalid names: Megascyliorhininae Pfeil 1984 [empty], Pteroscylliinae Cappetta 1992 [empty], Scyliorhininae Gill 1862 [empty]
Fm. Sphyrnidae Gill 1872 [hammerhead shark]
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G. †Cestrorhinus Blainville 1816
G. Eusphyra Giill 1862
G. †Platysqualus Swainson 1839
G. †Reniceps Gill 1861
G. †Sphyra Van der Hoeven 1849
G. †Sphyrichthys Thienemann 1828
G. Sphyrna Rafinesque 1810 [hammerhead shark]
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†Sphyrna americana Leriche 1942
†Sphyrna denticulata Agassiz 1843
†Sphyrna gibbesii Hay 1902
†Sphyrna gilmorei Leriche 1942
†Sphyrna guinoti Adnet et al. 2020
†Sphyrna itoriensis White 1926
†Sphyrna laevissima Cope 1867
†Sphyrna lata Agassiz 1843
†Sphyrna lewini Griffith and Smith 1834
†Sphyrna magna Cope 1868
†Sphyrna media Springer 1940
†Sphyrna subserrata Münster 1846
†Sphyrna tortilis White 1926
Sphyrna zygaena Linnaeus 1758
G. †Sphyrnias Rafinesque 1815
G. †Zygaena Cuvier 1816
Fm. Triakidae Gray 1851 [hound shark]
+
G. †Archaeotriakis Case 1978
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Subfm. Galeorhininae Gill 1862
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Tr. Galeorhinini Gill 1862
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G. †Khouribgaleus Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Khouribgaleus gomphorhiza Arambourg 1952
G. Galeorhinus de Blainville and Prévost 1816 [school shark]
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†Galeorhinus cuvieri Agassiz 1835
†Galeorhinus duchaussoisi Adnet and Cappetta 2008
†Galeorhinus falconeri White 1956
†Galeorhinus galeus Linnaeus 1758
†Galeorhinus girardoti Herman 1977
†Galeorhinus goncalvesi Antunes et al. 1999
†Galeorhinus hannibali Jordan and Beal 1910
†Galeorhinus louisi Adnet and Cappetta 2008
†Galeorhinus mesetaensis Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Galeorhinus minor Agassiz 1835
†Galeorhinus minutissimus Arambourg 1935
†Galeorhinus pulchellus Jonet 1966
†Galeorhinus ypresiensis Casier 1946
Invalid names: Eugaleus Gill 1864 [synonym]
G. †Hypogaleus Smith 1957
+
Mustelus mustelus Linnaeus 1758
G. †Pachygaleus Cappetta 1992
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†Pachygaleus lefevrei Daimeries 1891
G. †Palaeogaleus Gurr 1963
+
†Palaeogaleus brivesi Arambourg 1952
†Palaeogaleus dahmanii Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Palaeogaleus faujasi Geyn 1937
†Palaeogaleus havreensis Herman 1977
†Palaeogaleus larachei Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Palaeogaleus navarroensis Case and Cappetta 1997
†Palaeogaleus prior Arambourg 1952
†Palaeogaleus sublaevis Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Palaeogaleus vincenti Daimeries 1889
G. †Palaeotriakis Guinot et al. 2013
+
†Palaeotriakis subserratus Underwood and Ward 2008
+
†Paratriakis decheni von der Marck 1863
†Paratriakis robustus Guinot et al. 2013
†Paratriakis tenuis Underwood and Ward 2008
G. †Squatigaleus Cappetta 1982
+
†Squatigaleus atlasi Cappetta 1989
Tr. Triakini Linck 1790
+
G. †Kallodentis Engelbrecht et al. 2017
+
†Kallodentis rhytistemma Engelbrecht et al. 2017
G. †Meridiogaleus Engelbrecht et al. 2017
+
†Meridiogaleus cristatus Engelbrecht et al. 2017
G. Triakis Müller and Henle 1838
+
†Triakis antunesi Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Triakis beali Jordan and Gilbert 1919
†Triakis chalossensis Adnet 2006
†Triakis rutimeyeri Casier 1958
†Triakis tanoutensis Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
G. †Xystrogaleus Adnet 2006
+
†Xystrogaleus cappettai Adnet 2006
Invalid names: Triakinae Gray 1851 [empty]
Invalid names: Pseudotriakidae Brito Capello 1867 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: nektonico
Diet: carnivoreo
Created: 2009-07-21 06:53:24
Modified: 2009-07-21 08:53:24
Source: o = order, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, Wagner 2023, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Rhaetian to the top of the Holocene or 208.50000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 201.3 Ma

Collections (815 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3France (Franche-Comté) Hemipristis lavigniensis (149394)
Bathonian168.3 - 166.1United Kingdom (England) Eypea leesi (91450 91453)
Late/Upper Bathonian167.7 - 164.7United Kingdom (England) Carcharhiniformes indet., Palaeoscyllium tenuidens, Eypea leesi (91449) Scyliorhinidae indet. (91451)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7Spain Palaeoscyllium sp (151897 151901)
Kimmeridgian157.3 - 152.1Germany Palaeoscyllium sp. (117194)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Germany (Eastern Barvaria) Palaeoscyllium sp. (187438)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Palaeoscyllium sp. (154138)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian155.7 - 145.0United Kingdom (England) Palaeoscyllium formosum (140224)
Early/Lower Valanginian140.2 - 136.4France (Gard) Scyliorhinidae indet., Archaeogaleus lengadocensis, Thiesus concavus, Cadiera camboensis (213631)
Late/Upper Valanginian140.2 - 136.4Poland (Lodzkie) Palaeoscyllium sp. (64848)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9France Scyliorhinus sp. (214859)
Early/Lower Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0Germany Scyllium tumidens (91586)
Late/Upper Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0United Kingdom (England) Triakidae indet. (66420)
Early/Lower Barremian130.0 - 125.45Spain (Teruel) Protoscyliorhinus lamaudi (91420)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0United Kingdom (England) Palaeoscyllium formosum (101091)
Early/Lower Aptian121.4 - 122.46United Kingdom (England) Corysodon multicristatus (230408 230409) Pteroscyllium speetonensis (213574 213575 213576 213577)
Early/Lower Albian112.03 - 109.0United Kingdom (England) Cretascyliorhinus destombesi (213320 213321 213323)
Middle Albian109.0 - 105.3United Kingdom (England) Cretascyliorhinus destombesi (213325 213326)
Late/Upper Albian105.3 - 99.6United Kingdom (England) Cretascyliorhinus destombesi (213327 213338 213339 213340 213345 213348 213369) Cretascyliorhinus destombesi, Parasymbolus reticularis (213373) Cretascyliorhinus destombesi, Pteroscyllium ornatum (213334) Parasymbolus reticularis, Pteroscyllium ornatum (213371) Protoscyliorhinus sp., Cretascyliorhinus destombesi (213329 213335) Protoscyliorhinus sp., Parasymbolus reticularis, Pteroscyllium ornatum (213372) Protoscyliorhinus sp., Scyliorhinus dubius, Cretascyliorhinus destombesi, Pteroscyllium ornatum (213330) Pteroscyllium ornatum (213331 213341 213350)
Late/Upper Albian105.3 - 99.6France Scyliorhinus destombesi (214872)