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Metoposauridae
Taxonomy
Metoposauridae was named by Watson (1919). It was considered monophyletic by Schoch (2013).
It was assigned to Metoposauroidea by Carroll (1988), Murry (1989), Long and Murry (1995) and Yates and Warren (2000); to Stereospondyli by Watson (1919) and Parker and Irmis (2005); to Temnospondyli by Sulej (2007); to Trematosauroidea by Schoch (2013); and to Stereospondyli by Kuhn (1946) and Buffa et al. (2019).
It was assigned to Metoposauroidea by Carroll (1988), Murry (1989), Long and Murry (1995) and Yates and Warren (2000); to Stereospondyli by Watson (1919) and Parker and Irmis (2005); to Temnospondyli by Sulej (2007); to Trematosauroidea by Schoch (2013); and to Stereospondyli by Kuhn (1946) and Buffa et al. (2019).
Subtaxa
Anaschisma (syn. Buettneria, Kalamoiketer, Borborophagus, Koskinonodon), Apachesaurus, Arganasaurus, Bogdania, Dictyocephalus, Dutuitosaurus, Eupelor, Mastodonsaurus durus, Metoposaurus (syn. Metopias), Metoposaurus fraasi (syn. Buettneria major), Metoposaurus hoffmani, Metoposaurus jonesi, Panthasaurus, Trigonosternum
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1856 | Dictyocephalus Leidy p. 256 |
| 1856 | Dictyocephalus elegans Leidy p. 256 |
| 1857 | Dictyocephalus elegans Emmons p. 59 |
| 1866 | Eupelor Cope |
| 1866 | Mastodonsaurus durus Cope p. 250 |
| 1868 | Eupelor durus Cope |
| 1869 | Eupelor Cope p. 25 |
| 1869 | Eupelor durus Cope p. 25 |
| 1879 | Eupelor durus Miller p. 156 |
| 1902 | Dictyocephalus Hay p. 423 |
| 1902 | Dictyocephalus elegans Hay p. 423 |
| 1902 | Eupelor Hay p. 423 |
| 1902 | Eupelor durus Hay p. 423 |
| 1904 | Metoposaurus fraasi Lucas |
| 1919 | Metoposauridae Watson p. 67 |
| 1920 | Metoposaurus jonesi Case p. 3 figs. Pl. 1 |
| 1929 | Buettneria major Branson and Mehl |
| 1946 | Metoposauridae Kuhn p. 52 |
| 1965 | Metoposaurus durus Chowdhury p. 42 |
| 1965 | Metoposaurus fraasi Chowdhury p. 42 |
| 1978 | Metoposaurus hoffmani Dutuit |
| 1988 | Metoposauridae Carroll |
| 1989 | Metoposauridae Murry p. 271 |
| 1989 | Metoposaurus fraasi Murry p. 271 |
| 1995 | Metoposauridae Long and Murry |
| 2000 | Metoposauridae Yates and Warren pp. 84, 101 fig. 1 |
| 2005 | Metoposauridae Parker and Irmis p. 46 |
| 2007 | Metoposauridae Sulej |
| 2013 | Metoposauridae Schoch |
| 2019 | Metoposauridae Buffa et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Metoposauridae Watson 1919
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G. †Anaschisma Branson 1905
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†Anaschisma browni Branson 1905
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Invalid names: Anaschisma brachygnatha Branson 1905 [synonym], Borborophagus wyomingensis Branson and Mehl 1929 [synonym], Koskinonodon perfectus Case 1922 [synonym]
Invalid names: Borborophagus Branson and Mehl 1929 [synonym], Buettneria Case 1922 [synonym], Koskinonodon Branson and Mehl 1929 [synonym]
G. †Bogdania Yang 1978
G. †Metoposaurus Lydekker 1890
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†Metoposaurus algarvensis Brusatte et al. 2015
†Metoposaurus azerouali Dutuit 1976
†Metoposaurus bakeri Case 1931
†Metoposaurus diagnosticus Meyer 1842
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†Metoposaurus diagnosticus diagnosticus Sulej 2002
Invalid names: Metopias santaecrucis Koken 1913 [synonym], Metopias stuttgartensis Fraas 1913 [synonym], Metoposaurus heimi Kuhn 1932 [synonym], Metoposaurus stuttgartiensis Fraas 1913 [synonym], Trigonosternum latum Schmidt 1931 [synonym]
†Metoposaurus krasiejowensis Brusatte et al. 2015
†Metoposaurus santaecrucis Koken 1913
†Metoposaurus ultimus Kuhn 1939
Invalid names: Metopias Meyer 1842 [replaced], Metoposaurus diagnosticus krasiejowensis Sulej 2002 [synonym]
G. †Trigonosternum Schmidt 1931
Invalid names: Dictyocephalus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Eupelor Cope 1869 [nomen dubium], Mastodonsaurus durus Cope 1866 [nomen dubium], Metoposaurus fraasi Lucas 1904 [nomen dubium], Metoposaurus hoffmani Dutuit 1978 [nomen dubium], Metoposaurus jonesi Case 1920 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| T. Sulej 2007 | "Large oval widely separated orbits situated in the anterior half of the skull; nares large; a suture of the exoccipital with pterygoid perpendicular to long axis of the skull and visible in ventral view; very wide the cultriform process with a long exposure of the anterior end; the quadrate condyle subtriangular in ventral view; deep and rounded sinus pterygoidei below the oblique crest on the posterior
side of the ascending ramus of the pterygoid; a posterior tongue of the articular extends posteriorly between the surangular and the prearticular along the dorsal surface of the retroarticular process; the prearticular short anteriorly; the parapophysis on two neighbouring intercentra of the presacral and sacral region; the clavicles with an indentation in the clavicular blade; the manus and pes unusually large; the femur with the main axes of the proximal and distal heads set to each other at 90 degrees" |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Uhen 2004, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Collections (205 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carnian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Metopias diagnosticus (97870) Metopias stuttgartensis (106462) Metoposaurus diagnosticus (106458 106459 106461 106463 106997) | |
| Carnian | USA (Texas) | Apachesaurus gregorii, Metoposaurus sp. (84271) | |
| Carnian | Germany (Bayern) | Metoposaurus heimi (97735 97736 97737 97738) Metoposaurus sp. (124374) | |
| Carnian | India (Madhya Pradesh) | Metoposaurus sp. (207798 207799) Temnospondyli indet. (94787) | |
| Carnian | Canada (Nova Scotia) | Stereospondyli indet. (107286) | |
| Carnian | USA (Wyoming) | Anaschisma browni, Anaschisma brachygnatha (91900) Anaschisma sp. (91569) Anaschisma sp., Koskinonodon sp., Koskinonodon princeps (91532) Borborophagus sp. (91571) Borborophagus wyomingensis (91566 91568) Koskinonodon sp. (91567) Metoposauridae indet. (107395) | |
| Carnian | Zimbabwe (Mashonaland West) | Metoposauridae indet. (220715) | |
| Carnian | USA (New Mexico) | Metoposauridae indet. (179085) Metoposauridae indet., Apachesaurus gregorii (83736) Metoposauridae indet., Metoposaurus fraasi (22718) | |
| Carnian | Italy (Bolzano) | Metoposaurus diagnosticus (106510) | |
| Carnian | Morocco (Marrakech-Safi) | Metoposauridae indet. (94786) Metoposaurus azerouali (222689) Metoposaurus lyazidi (58618) Metoposaurus ouazzoui (222690) | |
| Carnian - Norian | USA (Texas) | Apachesaurus gregorii, Buettneria perfecta (71982) Buettneria bakeri (12942 22666) Buettneria perfecta (71980) Buettneria sp. (22706 22707 98596) Buettneria sp., Metoposaurus jonesi (71976) Metoposauridae indet., Buettneria howardensis (22704) | |
| Carnian - Norian | Poland (Opole) | Metoposaurus diagnosticus (61448) | |
| Carnian - Norian | India (Madhya Pradesh) | Metoposauridae indet. (218155) | |
| Carnian - Norian | Portugal (Algarve) | Metoposauridae indet. (82902 82903) | |
| Carnian - Norian | India (Telangana) | Temnospondyli indet. (112285) | |
| Carnian - Norian | USA (Utah) | Metoposauridae indet. (196167) | |
| Carnian - Norian | India (Andhra Pradesh) | Metoposauridae indet. (174080) Metoposaurus maleriensis (136899 136900 136901) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | USA (Texas) | Metoposaurus sp., Metoposaurus perfecta (39671) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | Madagascar (Toliara) | Metoposauridae indet., Metoposaurus hoffmani (106539) | |
| Carnian - Rhaetian | Morocco (Marrakech) | Metoposauridae indet. (34678) | |
| Julian | Austria (Lower Austria) | Metoposaurus santaecrucis (197689) | |
| Tuvalian | USA (Oklahoma) | Buettneria sp. (94088) | |
| Tuvalian | Poland (Opole) | Metoposaurus diagnosticus (61449) | |
| Norian | USA (New Mexico) | Anaschisma sp. (83739) Apachesaurus gregorii (93653 93671 94105) Apachesaurus sp. (179083) Apachesaurus sp., Apachesaurus gregorii (48516) Buettneria sp. (75657 75658 75659 75663 75668 80926) Eupelor sp. (57071) Metoposauridae indet. (75652 75655 75660 75661 75670 93565 93578 93584 93586 93608 93613 93615 93646 94089 94097 179082 179084 179598 223030) Metoposauridae indet., Apachesaurus sp. (93576 93579 93658) Metoposauridae indet., Apachesaurus sp., Anaschisma sp. (83738) Metoposauridae indet., Buettneria sp. (75651) Metoposauridae indet., Buettneria sp., Apachesaurus sp. (55248) Metoposauridae indet., Metoposaurus sp. (93611) Metoposaurus sp. (84272) Temnospondyli indet., Amphibia indet. (83737) | |
| Norian | USA (North Carolina) | Dictyocephalus elegans (99429) | |
| Norian | USA (Texas) | Buettneria perfecta (94493) Metoposauridae indet. (13273 48424 196537 218143 218147) Metoposauridae indet., Metoposaurus bakeri (218126) Metoposaurus fraasi (84269) | |
| Norian | USA (Pennsylvania) | Buettneria perfecta (105836) Mastodonsaurus durus (107421) Metoposauridae indet. (59371) | |
| Norian | USA (Arizona) | Anaschisma sp. (84263 84266) Apachesaurus gregorii (48421 48546 49500 92827 93415 93418 93423 93425 93443 93459) Apachesaurus gregorii, Buettneria perfecta (39160 52499 92826 93113 93135 93432 93541) Apachesaurus gregorii, Koskinonodon perfectus (92811) Apachesaurus sp. (92855) Buettneria perfecta (52500 52501 52502 57683 92322 92819 92821 92910 92911 92912 92913 92922 92928 92929 92933 93111 93112 93115 93116 93118 93123 93125 93131 93133 93227 93229 93230 93232 93351 93352 93354 93356 93357 93360 93361 93363 93364 93428 93430 93460 93473) Buettneria sp., Apachesaurus sp. (22705 92850 92856) Metoposauridae indet. (57685 57686 93438 93453 93470 93474 93551 223390) Metoposauridae indet., Apachesaurus gregorii, Buettneria perfecta (84264) Metoposauridae indet., Apachesaurus gregorii, Metoposaurus fraasi (48547) Metoposauridae indet., Buettneria perfecta (93569 93571) Metoposauridae indet., Metoposaurus sp. B (48423) Metoposaurus fraasi (84268 93542) Placerias gigas, Metoposaurus sp. (39219) | |
| Norian | USA (Oklahoma) | Metoposauridae indet. (94096) | |
| Norian | USA (New Jersey) | Metoposauridae indet. (12856 92106) | |
| Norian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Metoposaurus diagnosticus (106509) | |
| Lacian - Alaunian | USA (New Mexico) | Apachesaurus sp. (92090) | |
| Lacian - Sevatian | USA (New Mexico) | Buettneria sp. (62311) | |
| Rhaetian | USA (Arizona) | Buettneria sp., Metoposaurus sp. (84009) Metoposaurus sp. (84014 84015) | |
| Rhaetian | Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) | Metoposauridae indet. (139488) Metoposaurus ultimus (139483) | |
| Rhaetian | France (Lorraine) | Capitosauridae indet. (36106) |