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Spinosaurus
Taxonomy
Spinosaurus was named by Stromer (1915).
It was assigned to Carnosauria by Huene (1923); to Labrosauridae by Nopcsa (1928); to Carnosauria by Kuhn (1939); to Megalosauridae by Romer (1956); to Megalosaurinidae by Swinton (1970); to Carnosauria by Molnar et al. (1990); to Baryonychidae by Rauhut (2003); to Spinosauridae by Stromer (1915), Huene (1926), Huene (1927), Stromer (1934), Stromer (1934), Tatarinov (1964), Walker (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Maleev (1968), Steel (1970), Molnar (1980), Taquet (1984), Taquet (1984), Chabli (1986), Bonaparte (1986), Bouaziz et al. (1988), Paul (1988), Carroll (1988), Kurzanov (1989), Buffetaut (1989), Molnar (1992), Sereno et al. (1994), Russell (1996), Kellner and Campos (1996), Kellner (1996), Milner (1997), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Taquet and Russell (1998), Sues et al. (2002), Dal Sasso et al. (2005), Candeiro et al. (2006), Ezcurra (2009), Taquet (2010), Buffetaut (2010), Lü et al. (2010) and Hendrickx and Mateus (2014); to Spinosaurini by Arden et al. (2019); and to Spinosaurinae by Sereno et al. (1998), Buffetaut and Ouaja (2002), Holtz et al. (2004), Medeiros (2006), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Naish and Martill (2007), Kellner et al. (2011), Mateus et al. (2011), Carrano et al. (2012), Ibrahim et al. (2014), Hendrickx et al. (2016), Malafaia et al. (2020) and Barker et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Carnosauria by Huene (1923); to Labrosauridae by Nopcsa (1928); to Carnosauria by Kuhn (1939); to Megalosauridae by Romer (1956); to Megalosaurinidae by Swinton (1970); to Carnosauria by Molnar et al. (1990); to Baryonychidae by Rauhut (2003); to Spinosauridae by Stromer (1915), Huene (1926), Huene (1927), Stromer (1934), Stromer (1934), Tatarinov (1964), Walker (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Maleev (1968), Steel (1970), Molnar (1980), Taquet (1984), Taquet (1984), Chabli (1986), Bonaparte (1986), Bouaziz et al. (1988), Paul (1988), Carroll (1988), Kurzanov (1989), Buffetaut (1989), Molnar (1992), Sereno et al. (1994), Russell (1996), Kellner and Campos (1996), Kellner (1996), Milner (1997), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Taquet and Russell (1998), Sues et al. (2002), Dal Sasso et al. (2005), Candeiro et al. (2006), Ezcurra (2009), Taquet (2010), Buffetaut (2010), Lü et al. (2010) and Hendrickx and Mateus (2014); to Spinosaurini by Arden et al. (2019); and to Spinosaurinae by Sereno et al. (1998), Buffetaut and Ouaja (2002), Holtz et al. (2004), Medeiros (2006), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Naish and Martill (2007), Kellner et al. (2011), Mateus et al. (2011), Carrano et al. (2012), Ibrahim et al. (2014), Hendrickx et al. (2016), Malafaia et al. (2020) and Barker et al. (2021).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1915 | Spinosaurus Stromer p. 28 |
1923 | Spinosaurus Huene p. 456 fig. 3 |
1926 | Spinosaurus Huene p. 89 |
1927 | Spinosaurus Huene p. 266 |
1928 | Spinosaurus Nopcsa p. 184 |
1934 | Spinosaurus Stromer p. 23 |
1939 | Spinosaurus Kuhn p. 77 |
1956 | Spinosaurus Romer p. 616 |
1964 | Spinosaurus Tatarinov p. 538 |
1964 | Spinosaurus Walker p. 116 |
1966 | Spinosaurus Romer p. 369 |
1967 | Spinosaurus Charig p. 714 |
1968 | Spinosaurus Maleev p. 95 |
1970 | Spinosaurus Steel p. 38 |
1970 | Spinosaurus Swinton p. 143 |
1980 | Spinosaurus Molnar p. 137 |
1984 | Spinosaurus Taquet p. 81 |
1986 | Spinosaurus Bonaparte p. 74 |
1986 | Spinosaurus Chabli p. 71 |
1988 | Spinosaurus Bouaziz et al. p. 336 |
1988 | Spinosaurus Carroll |
1988 | Spinosaurus Paul p. 273 |
1989 | Spinosaurus Buffetaut p. 81 |
1989 | Spinosaurus Kurzanov p. 4 |
1990 | Spinosaurus Molnar et al. p. 192 |
1992 | Spinosaurus Molnar p. 266 |
1994 | Spinosaurus Sereno et al. p. 270 |
1996 | Spinosaurus Kellner p. 614 |
1996 | Spinosaurus Kellner and Campos p. 162 |
1996 | Spinosaurus Russell p. 355 |
1997 | Spinosaurus Milner p. 699 |
1997 | Spinosaurus Sereno p. 456 |
1998 | Spinosaurus Sereno p. 64 |
1998 | Spinosaurus Sereno et al. p. 1302 |
1998 | Spinosaurus Taquet and Russell p. 348 |
2002 | Spinosaurus Buffetaut and Ouaja p. 419 |
2002 | Spinosaurus Sues et al. p. 543 |
2003 | Spinosaurus Rauhut p. 34 |
2004 | Spinosaurus Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 73 |
2005 | Spinosaurus Dal Sasso et al. p. 888 |
2006 | Spinosaurus Candeiro et al. p. 936 |
2006 | Spinosaurus Medeiros p. 335 |
2007 | Spinosaurus Naish and Martill p. 502 |
2007 | Spinosaurus Sánchez-Hernández et al. p. 190 |
2009 | Spinosaurus Ezcurra p. 1341 |
2010 | Spinosaurus Buffetaut p. 175 |
2010 | Spinosaurus Lü et al. p. 386 |
2010 | Spinosaurus Taquet p. 92 |
2011 | Oxalaia Kellner et al. p. 100 |
2011 | Spinosaurus Kellner et al. p. 105 |
2011 | Spinosaurus Mateus et al. p. 54 |
2012 | Oxalaia Candeiro et al. p. 223 |
2012 | Spinosaurus Carrano et al. p. 248 fig. 7 |
2014 | Spinosaurus Hendrickx and Mateus |
2014 | Spinosaurus Ibrahim et al. p. S8 |
2016 | Spinosaurus Hendrickx et al. p. 12 |
2019 | Oxalaia Arden et al. p. 279–280 |
2019 | Spinosaurus Arden et al. p. 279–280 |
2020 | Oxalaia Malafaia et al. p. 432 |
2020 | Spinosaurus Malafaia et al. p. 432 |
2021 | Spinosaurus Barker et al. p. 8 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Spinosaurus Stromer 1915
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†Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer 1915
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Invalid names: Oxalaia quilombensis Kellner et al. 2011 [synonym], Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Russell 1996 [synonym], Spinosaurus marrocanus Russell 1996 [synonym]
Invalid names: Oxalaia Kellner et al. 2011 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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A. W. A. Kellner et al. 2011 (Oxalaia) | As for the type and only species. |